Intersectionality and Non-Reporting Behavior: Perceptions from Women of Color in Federal Law Enforcement

Since the passage of the No FEAR Act of 2002, scholars across various disciplines have examined women’s reporting behavior toward sex-based discrimination. Most of the scholarship has concentrated on why women do not report sex-based discrimination, with this study being no exception. Missing, however, from this research is the intersectionality of race and gender, as most studies capture women as a homogeneous group without regard to race or ethnicity. Using a subsample of women who responded “yes” to having experienced sex-based discrimination ( n = 550) in the workplace but chose not to report the unlawful behavior, this study employs a series of mean comparisons to differentiate women’s non-reporting behavior by race or ethnicity. The findings suggest women of color as a group, as well as African-American and Latina respondents by their respective minority race or ethnic subgroup, have differences in non-reporting behavior in comparison to White women. These findings are important because they illustrate a more accurate examination of women’s reporting behavior in the workplace.

Qualitative reappraisal of perspectives, prevalence, and management of family violence among the Yoruba people: a study of representatives of some Yoruba ethnic subgroups from Ile Ife

ObjectiveThe analysis of changing definitions and perspectives of violating behaviors within cultural contexts will inform the responses and interventions that will mostly reduce the occurrences of family violence.MethodsThis study used focus group discussions of purposively selected participants to generate data that were analyzed using content with themes of definition, perspectives, prevalent forms, persons mostly affected, perpetrators, and management strategies among the Yoruba people.ResultsThere were multiple words and descriptions in the local Yoruba language for abuse and violence, but no single word for either of the two concepts. Common forms of family violence identified were verbal assaults from parents to children, among couples, siblings, physical assault of children by parents, physical assault of parents by children, neglect of children, parents, spouses mostly wives, sexual harassment, and sexual violence. Neglect of wives and children was perceived to be increasing, occurring in one in four houses. Sexual harassment and sexual violence were perceived to be rare, but the latter not an issue in marriage. A variant of sexual “touching” said to be tolerated with unmarried young people was identified as common among this ethnic group. Age and gender were dominant factors in the use of common forms of violence. Informal approaches were methods of management of family violence but perceived inadequate.ConclusionsThis study concluded that family violence is a common phenomenon occurring among family members. Hence, formal acceptable interventions that will be appropriate for this ethnic subgroup are required.

Variability of anatomical features of frontal sinuses among the male ethnic groups residing in Karachi.

Objectives: To determine anatomical variability in morphometry of frontal air sinuses in male ethnic groups residing in Karachi. Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Setting: Radiology Department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center. Period: Nov 2018 to April 2019. Material & Methods: In total, the research subjects were 108. They were divided into four ethnic sub groups. Each ethnic subgroup had 27 members. The study subjects were in between 20 to 50 years of age with the mean age of 35.14 ± 8.68 years. Before the enrolment of the participants in the research, informed consent was taken. The methodology incorporated was X-ray radiography. The view for radiology was Water’s view. Area, height and width of both right and left frontal sinuses were measured by the help of Radiant DICOM digital software. A questionnaire was designed to record the demographic data. The parameters of area, height and width of the sinuses were noted in the proforma. The data was analyzed by the help of SPSS version 23.0. Results: The ethnic sub groups were compared by the application of One Way ANOVA. The comparison of the four ethnic groups showed high variability in terms of area, height and width of the right frontal air sinuses (p=0.000). Significant variations were also recorded for these parameters on the left side (p=0.000). Conclusion: The height width and area show pattern of anatomical variability in the right and left frontal air sinuses among the ethnic groups of males living in Karachi.

Measured Cognitive Differences among UK adults of Different Ethnic Backgrounds: Results from National Samples

Ethnic differences in measured cognitive ability is of interest to social scientists, since these differences, whether or not they represent latent ability ones, can exasperate social inequalities. As such, it is important to monitor them, particularly in multi-ethnic societies. To this end, we analyzed cognitive test score data for 84,138 British adults across six national samples from the 21st century (AMP, 2000; Skills for Life, 2003; AMP, 2007; UKHLS, 2011-13; PIAAC, 2012; MCS, 2015). Grand mean cognitive scores by ethnicity (SD = 15), relative to a White mean set to 100, were: Jews, 107 (N = 77); Chinese, 98 (N = 154); South Asians, 89 (N = 4,032); and Blacks, 88 (N = 2,439). Notably, substantial heterogeneity in scores existed depending on various factors, including the type of test (e.g., verbal, numeric), ethnic subgroup (e.g., Indian, Pakistani), age group, first language spoken, and migrant generation (e.g., foreign born, UK born). As to the latter, Blacks and Asians born in the UK scored about 6-7 points higher than ones born elsewhere. Because selection tests are commonly used in the UK and also because human well-being correlates strongly with measured cognitive differences, we conclude that these effects warrant more detailed investigation.

Lidwoordomissie in Moroccan Flavored Dutch* : Kale nomina in eentalige Nederlandse uitingen

Article omission in Moroccan Flavored Dutch. Bare nouns in monolingual Dutch expressionsThe aim of this paper is to shed light on article omission in Moroccan Flavored Dutch (MFD), a language variety in which Moroccan linguistic material (mainly Berber and Arabic) is combined with Dutch. It is well-known that MFD speakers are often inclined to omit articles in nominal phrases, and by doing so expressions contain so-called bare nouns (nominals without articles, i.e. definite or indefinite articles). This raises the question what triggers article omission in MFD. This study focuses on Dutch expressions that are embedded in MFD discourse and provides an innovative explanation for bare noun constructions. In particular, we argue that article omission in MFD is the result of an interplay between identity marking (article omission indexes the belonging to an ethnic subgroup in contrast to outsiders) and information structure. We show that there is a correlation between the syntactic position of a constituent and the type of article (i.e. definite or indefinite) that is omitted. The direct object position yields an indefinite, discourse-new interpretation of the bare nominal phrase. Since the neutral surface order of a Dutch main clause is subject-initial, the direct object position is canonically a focus position that is associated with new information. Therefore, the information structure of Dutch clauses seems to be a trigger for article omission.

IT HURTS AS IF: PAIN LANGUAGE, VISUAL CHARACTERIZATION, AND STORY-TELLING IN HMONG OLDER ADULTS

Culture and language affect pain reporting, diagnosis, and treatment. Ethnic subgroup populations, such as the Hmong, are understudied in pain research. The study’s purpose is to qualitatively understand older Hmong adults’ pain expression and their pain communication with providers. Sixty-seven participants were recruited from one healthcare system and community. A directed content analysis revealed that all Hmong participants describe pain using stories with reference to the temporal context, causal attribution, co-occurring symptoms or related experiences, magnitude, and consequences of pain. Several participants also characterized their pain by associating it with visual metaphors as objects and animals. Some participants shared that their stories are often underappreciated by providers, and are therefore not understood by providers. This leads to subsequent feelings of stress, not receiving needed medication or other healthcare, and having less frequent contact with providers or switching providers. These findings have implications for more culturally attentive and appropriate pain care.