Hydrogeochemical and Characteristics of Groundwater in Teluk Nilap Area, Rokan Hilir, Riau

Groundwater plays important role as the main water resource for human needs. The vulnerability of groundwater to contaminants both naturally and by human activities can be not avoided as a trigger for groundwater quality degradation. Hydrogeochemical become important highlights in groundwater studies because groundwater conditions in quality and quantity influenced by the geological formation of rock minerals in aquifer. Naturally, the condition of the research area which consists of peat swamps can also affect the characteristics of groundwater. The aims of this research are to determine groundwater types and groundwater facies in study area with an analytical approach using stiff diagram and piper diagram. The method used was purposive sampling by collecting data from dug wells at the research site. 5 samples from dug wells were used as representatives in the groundwater facies analysis. The groundwater facies analysis was carried out by measuring the concentration of major ions such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, and HCO3. The highest groundwater level was in the northern part of study area (7,84 m) while the lowest groundwater level was in the southwest part of study area (2,05 m). The results showed three types of groundwater based on stiff diagram as sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (NaSO4) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). The lithology conditions that composed the aquifer affected the facies or origin of groundwater. The alluvium layer in the research area which rich in sodium (Na+) minerals with chloride (Cl-) or sulfate (SO42-) anions forms chloride sulfate facies (Cl+SO4) which were located in the middle to the south of the study area and sodium (potassium) chloride (sulfate) facies (Na(K)Cl(SO4)) which were distributed in the northern part of study area.

Merging Water Research, Analytical Chemistry, and Agile Management to Shape Prospective Professionals through the Project-Centred Collaborative Approach Focusing on Water Bodies Rather Than Water Samples

Professionals of different disciplines, including chemists and chemical engineers, engage in water research, even though they might not have been extensively trained in it during their studies. We describe a project-centred master level subject “Water as a Hydrogeological, Ecological, and Analytical System”, which, by focussing on waterbodies instead of a particular aspect of water quality, merges total analytical process with water research and, by a considerate choice of chemical parameters, enables students to apply water-research-specific data-treatment techniques, including the Piper and Stiff diagram, to discuss water genesis, processes in water, and influences on waterbodies. Agile management, initiated in computer engineering in 2001, is believed to contribute to better products in a shorter time. We demonstrate how its incorporation into the organisational scheme helped students self-organise, handle their projects, and collaborate within and between groups. Student’s expressions confirm their overall satisfaction, motivation, and that the omission of the final classical exam had no adverse effects on the learning outcomes. Their consent with different benefits of the project-centred collaborative approach and their self-efficacy beliefs, respectively, expressed as mean values in a five-grade Likert scale ranged from 4.26 to 5.00 and from 4.32 to 5.00. Regarding the students’ time investment, the project-centred approach as the mean grade 3 confirmed is not recognised as an easier way. We provide partially self-calculating, self-notifying Excel spreadsheet tables as Supplementary Material to ease the implementation of water research data-treatment techniques, which help students collaborate and discuss their subject extensively.

Spatial distribution of dominant ions in the groundwater in Banyumudal Groundwater Basin, Central Java, Indonesia

Groundwater basin is an area with hydrogeological limits where it is happened all of hydrogeological processes. Banyumudal Groundwater Basin is one of groundwater basin with unique characteristic because of receiving water source from surroundings area, that would influence probably to the water quality. This study was conducted to: (1) know the spatial distribution of dominant ions concentration in the groundwater; (2) analyze surroundings factors that influence the spatial distribution of dominant ions in the groundwater. To realize the objectives, it was carried out the removal of groundwater samples in the observational wells that were determined by purposive sampling. The analyzed elements were Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42-, HCO3-, CO32-, Cl- and Fe2+ . The concentration of the dominant ions was realized in the form of Stiff Diagram and then was plotted in a map, so that it could be known the distribution. To analyze the process of mixing between the groundwater and water from the other sources with different chemical characteristics, it used the Piper Diagram, whereas to analyze the surroundings effects to the ionic concentration, it was conducted the analysis of quantitative descriptive. The study results showed that the groundwater from the northern part of Banyumudal Groundwater Basin has higher concentration of dominant ions compared with the southern ones. Viewed from each ion, the ionic concentration of Ca2+ and HCO3- are higher than other dominant ions and have more varied values, so that the change of chemical characteristics of the groundwater would tend to be determined by the concentration change of them. Type of rocks is the most influencing factor to the concentration of dominant ions in the study area. Nevertheless, the domestic waste has also little effects related to the sanitary condition in around of samples location of the groundwater.

HYDROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CAVE LAKE AND GROUND WATER FLOW IN THE CAVE OF SLATINSKI IZVOR IN THE DRY PERIOD OF THE YEAR

The hydrochemical properties of the ground waters in the cave of Slatinski Izvor were analyzed monthly, from December 2011 to October 2013, in the dry period of the year (5 anions and 11 cations). Water was sampled at three points: the first one at 30 m from the cave’s entrance, the second one at 800 m from the cave’s entrance, and the third one in the cave lake at 1000 m distance from the cave’s entrance. Four methods (Piper diagram, Stiff diagram, Chadha diagram, and D’Amore diagram) were applied in order to determine the hydrochemical properties of the wa-ter samples. The results showed that all water samples have the same origin, all water samples belong to CaHCO3 water type, water has temporary hardness, and the aquifer is composed of dolomite and limestone.

Erosion Prediction Study of Tugu Utara (Ciliwung Hulu) Sub Watershed

The research of erosion prediction method at watershed scale was carried out at Tugu Utara (Upper Ciliwung) subwatershed in Puncak, West Java, Indonesia from August 2000 to February 2001. The objectives of this study were: ( I ) topredict erosion at watershed scale through approximation of sediment yield measurement at outlet of sub watershed, and (2)multple regression equation and Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) prediction. The experiment at Tugu Utara (upper Ciliwung)sub watershed measured the discharge, surface erosion by soilpan method, sediment yield by sampling at the outlet and SDR.The result showed that the multiple regression equation and SDR Stiff Diagram can be used to predict the erosion at TuguUtara (upper Ciliwung) sub watershed.

Quality and Type of Chemical of Groundwater at Coastal Areas of Semarang

There are two objectives of this researh. First, to identify and analyze the condition of ground water quality in the research area, and second to determined the chemial types of groundwater. To ahieve these objectives 59 groundwater samples were taken stratifiedly, base on the different of electrical conductance value. As a result, it is identified that most groundwater in the research area is not suitable for drinking water sources, because has high concentration of electrical conductance, turbidity, hardness, chloride, manganese, and salinity. Thiis conclusion is also supported by stiff diagram analysis. The result of Stuyfzand analysis shhows that the chemical types of groundwater is very variative. Groundwater in coastal areas has higher suply of saline water than fresh water.

Unconfined Groundwater Quality based on the Settlement Unit in Surakarta City

The quality of groundwater of unonfined aquifer with growing population density is endangered by population. This may cause serious problem as greatest portion of the population utility groundwater of unconfined aquifer as their drinking water. This research is aim at studying the difference in quality of groundwater of unonfined aquifer in Surakarta Munipicality by settlement units, and studying the impact settlement factors and groundwater depth on the quality of groundwater of unonfined aquifer. The research was executed by a survey methhod, taking 44 units of groundwater of unonfined aquifer samples at stratified proportional random from 44 villages. The samples were analyzed at the laboratory of Local Drinking Water Company (PDAM) of Surakarta. Data were analyzed using by stiff diagram, variance analysis, and multiple regression. The research reveals that there is very little differences in the quality of free groundwater in Surakarta, as it is shown by same chemical properties. Several chemical properties were found very high in concentration, but the rest were simultaniously low. On the basis of minimum quality of drinking water coli content have exeeded the allowed limit for drinking water.Among the settlement units observed, there were no significant differences in the physical, chemical (except pH), bacteriological factors. This means that differences among various depth of water. Electrical onductivity (EC), Na, Mg, H2CO3, H2SO4, and NH3 were found different among various depth of water table. Major chemical conentration were significant with geology formation. Population density, built up areas, size of settlement, building density, and the condition of drainage simultaniously affect the quality of free ground water. No differences among settlement units was observed the most important fators determining the free groundwater quality was population density.