Income analysis of integrated farming system of dairy cow breeding farm, earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus), and citrus sinensis Valencia farm. Case study in Dau District, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia

The integrated farming system between dairy cow breeding, earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus), and citrus (Citrus sinensis valencia) plantations provides regular income for farmers and sustainable farming. This research aims to analyze farmers’ income based on the integrated farming system that has been done on these three commodities. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze data. Data were collected through questionnaires to 15 farmers who are members of Gading Kulon Farmer Group in Dau District, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia followed by in-depth interviews with key respondents. The study showed that dairy cow breeding provided annual income which contributed up to 58% of household income. Meanwhile, earthworm farming provides weekly income and twice a year income for citrus farming. Depending on the land area, Earthworms farming contributed up to 10% of household income, and citrus plantation was 33%, depending on the land area owned by farmers. The average income of Dairy cow breeding was Rp. 163,308,000 per year; the Average Income of earthworms was Rp. 27,058,000 per year, and the average income of citrus plants was 92,480,000 per year. However, integrated farming of these commodities does not work well in the community due to farmers’ lack of land and capital. Moreover, most respondents indicated that they were interested only in citrus farming because it is easier compared to dairy cow breeding and earthworm farming. Good cooperation from various parties is needed to increase the importance of integrated farming with these three commodities for sustainable farming in Indonesia.

EMPOWERMENT OF SIAMESE CITRUS FARMERS KAMANG NAGARI KAMANG HILIR, KAMANG MAGEK DISTRICT, AGAM REGENCY

Siam Kamang citrus farmers, who are known for their JESIKA products in Nagari Kamang Hilir, Kamang Magek District, Agam Regency, have been cultivating oranges since 1962. During its development, Siamese citrus farming experienced a period of production failure due to the CVPD virus attack. Excessive use of pesticides has affected the development of Siamese orange agribusiness in Nagari Kamang. Community service activities in the form of disseminating research results on prospects for developing Siamese orange agribusiness and the financial feasibility of Siamese citrus business are carried out in an effort to empower farmers to develop Siamese citrus farming. From the FGD activities carried out, farmers finally realized that farming patterns that use pesticides as an effort to prevent pests and diseases incur large costs and have a negative impact on the development of JESIKA agribusiness. Farmers are advised to cultivate JESIKA in accordance with the recommended SOP and apply a polyculture cropping pattern with an organic farming system to increase production more optimally.

Adoption of sustainable agriculture practices by citrus farmers and its determinants in the Jordan valley: the case of Northern Ghor

The agricultural sector in the Jordan Valley plays an important role in the economic system and that the region is essentially Jordan's food basket. The adoption of sustainable agricultural practices is widely recognized as essential to ensure agricultural sustainability. This study analyzed factors influencing citrus farmer's adoption of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) in the Northern Ghor of Jordan valley. The study used a quantitative approach. Simple random sampling was adopted to select 115 farmers in the study area. A multiple regression analysis was applied to identify factors influencing the sustainability of citrus farming practices. The study found that the largest proportion 44.4% of the citrus farmers had a fairly high adoption rate of SAPs while 13.0% of ones had high adoption of SAPs. In addition, the study revealed that age of farmer, Farm experience, primary education, and tertiary education were factors that affected farmers SAPs adoption. Policy recommendations are proposed to enhance the implementation of sustainable agriculture practices by the citrus farmers in the Northern Ghor of Jordan valley.

Impact of the Conversion of Citrus Plantations to Oil Palm Plantations

This article discussed about the conversion of agricultural land into other uses is one of the occurrences that has occurred fairly often in recent years. The method utilized with the purposive sampling , including but not limited to certain criteria that have been established. The informants that participated in this research were ten (10) individuals who were chosen based on a variety of factors. The kind of data that was utilized was qualitative data of a certain kind (descriptive). The result of this research is the factors that influence land use change: I external factors, which include economics and demographics, which cause the conversion of community citrus plantations to oil palm plantations under the pretext of abundant yields and income, in order to meet the daily needs of the community; (ii) internal factors, where farmers are greatly aided by the presence of this type of palm tree, due to its high productivity; and (iii) internal factors, which cause the conversion of community citrus plantations to oil palm plant Economically, the conversion of citrus farms to oil palm plantations has had a positive effect since the revenue from oil palm farming is higher than that from citrus farming.

Composition & Ecological Role of Soil Macrofauna in Selorejo and Punten Citrus Farming, Malang - East Java

Conventional Citrus crops farming is an Citrus farming system that uses Citrus cultivation techniques with maximum use of chemicals and organics material and there is to support a sustainable agricultural system. Indicators of environmental quality can be known from the composition and ecological role of fauna, one of which is soil macrofauna. This research aims to investigate the diversity and community structure of the soil macrofauna and to identification its role in the Citrus farming at Selorejo, Dau and Punten Villages, Bumiaji, Malang Regency.This study is a descriptive exploratory study in order to study on soil macrofauna capturing at each location for three times. The observation method of soil macrofauna used pitfall traps and handshorter methods. All data was tabulated used Microsoft Excel. Abiotic factor measurements for two locations have no different value in each sampling plot. The composition of soil macrofauna is obtained from the important value index (IVI) and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'). Soil macrofauna was obtained from two locations as many as 28 families with the highest importance value index (IVI), namely Formicidae. The results showed that Selorejo Citrus farming consists of Predator 46%, Herbivorous 25%, Decomposer 11%, Scavenger 7%, and others 11%, while in Punten Citrus farming consists of 55% Predator, 10% Herbivorous,15% Decomposer,5% Scavenger, and others 15%.

ANALISIS PEMASARAN JERUK GERGA DI KECAMATAN RIMBO PENGADANG KABUPATEN LEBONG

Since citrus farming in Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province, has begun to expand, this study is necessary to determine how the marketing channels and factors that affect the marketing margins of Gerga oranges in Rimbo Pengadang District, Lebong Regency. The marketing channel descriptive analysis was used as the analytical tool, and it describes the overall data collected. Multiple linear regression analysis with the formula Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + e is used to assess the variables that influence marketing margins. The marketing channel for gerga oranges in Rimbo Pengadang Village has 3 channel patterns, namely: farmers → retailers at village level → consumers, farmers → urban-level retailers → consumers, farmers → retailers at city level → consumers. It is well recognized that the three variables of sales volume, selling price, and marketing costs all influence marketing margins at the same time, resulting in a coefficient of multiple linear determinatio.

Small-scale Citrus Farming among Selected Countries: Determinants for Exports and Production

ABSTRACT The objective of the analyses in the paper is to determine a combination of factors that enhances production and export capacity among selected countries practising small-scale citrus farming. Data was sourced through internet search using the search engine of EBSCO discovery and Scopus. Data was analysed using the multiclass discriminant analysis and frequency tables. The results shows that among the 10 sampled countries, the following population size, the rate of citrus consumption in local markets, availability of arable land, processing capacity, proximity to European markets and the counter-seasonal effect with Europe are important fa ctors. For South Africa, important factors are big farm sizes and high crop yield. The income derived from small farms such as those of China and India, is not enough to lift farmers out of poverty. It is recommended for governments to determine a viable size of a citrus farm, which will improve farmer’s living conditions.

Behavioral effects induced by organic insecticides can be exploited for a sustainable control of the Orange Spiny Whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus

The Orange Spiny Whitefly (OSW) Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) represents a new serious threat to Citrus spp., grapevine and ornamental plants in the whole Mediterranean area. Such threat urgently calls for the development of a sustainable control strategy, including insecticides compatible with biological control, and applicable also in organic citrus farming that represent an essential part of Mediterranean agricultural economy. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity and the effects on host searching, oviposition, and probing and feeding behavior exerted on OSW by organic insecticides supposed to have limited side effects on environment and ecosystem services, i.e. sweet orange essential oil (EO), extract of Clitoria ternatea (CT), mineral oil, pyrethrin and azadirachtin. Despite none of the compounds caused a significant mortality of any of the OSW instars, we observed interesting effects on whitefly behavior: (i) EO and pyrethrin showed a relevant repellent effect, with impairment of both adults landing and oviposition on treated plants; (ii) CT and pyrethrin strongly affected probing behavior. Here, in the light of our findings, we discuss possible OSW sustainable control strategies and further research perspectives.

Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Usaha Jeruk di Kabupaten Karo dan Kabupaten Langkat

This study aims to determine the level of income and feasibility of farming orange in Karo and Langkat Districts. This research was conducted in the Bukit Mas Village in the Besitang District and in the Garingging Village in the Brand District of the Karo Regency. Karo Regency is a producer of Matang Oranges or direct consumption, while in Langkat Regency it can be harvested and juice harvested. This research was conducted by the method of Simple Random Sampling with the number of samples taken each 30 farmers who are experienced in the field of citrus plants. Sampling was carried out on April 2018. The method of analysis using the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) and B / C Ratio. The results showed that the citrus farming in Karo and Langkat Districts was financially feasible because and continued to be developed, referring to the B / C ratio calculation obtained that the two regencies had values greater than 1, where Karo District was 3.13% and Langkat District 4 , 76%.

Assessment And Financial Analysis For Citrus (Citrus Sinensis) Improvement Program In Jambi

The agricultural problems currently cover-up with limited land, water, infrastructure, production facilities and infrastructure, access to finance and institutions. These problems cause the quantity and quality of agricultural products to be stumpy. One effort that can eliminate these problems is through the assessment of a comprehensive, integrated agricultural development program. The objectives of this study was: (1) to determine the amount of citrus farming income, and (2) to analyze the economic and institutional feasibility of citrus farming in Bunga Tanjung Village, Betara District, west Tanjung Jabung region. This study was conducted in Bunga Tanjung Village, Betara District, West Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, from 2017-2019. Approach to the activities through coordination and program integration from the Regional Government. Efforts to increase the production of citrus plants are currently experiencing challenges due to doubtful economic viability. Data collected in this study includes primary data in the form of information from farmers and secondary data such as a profile of study area, demographics, social and economic potential data. Primary data was collected by interviewed farmers using a questionnaire. The sample was randomly determined citrus farmer population with 40 respondents. Data analysis techniques include tabulation analysis used to recognize the farmer's economic conditions and feasibility. The results of this study indicated that citrus productivity had increased continuously by applying environmentally friendly cultivation technology i.g. Fertilizing, controlling pests and diseases, removing water shoots, pruning shapes, and pruning unproductive branches. Citrus production of non-demonstration plots was 3.145 kg, and demonstration was 4.960 kg, there was an increase of 1.815 kg or 36.59% with an average of R/C ratio for demonstration plots was 2.51 while non-demonstration citrus of 2.20. This means that the cultivation of the citrus plant is feasible to continue.