Pellet Quality of Corn-Based DDGS

The rapid growth of corn-based dry grind ethanol plants over the past decade in the US has resulted in a great increase in production of the coproduct DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles). Since some physical properties like low bulk density and poor flowability can impact the market potential of DDGS, pelleting of DDGS can be one of the easiest ways to improve this situation. Pellet quality is the focus of this project. The pelleting process was conducted with three initial DDGS moisture contents and two different dies; a total of six runs were completed to produce DDGS pellets. The physical qualities of pelleted DDGS were determined by measuring durability, bulk density, angle of repose, and color of the pellets. The results showed that the durability ranged from 42% to 89%, the highest pellet durability occurred when the moisture content was 20% db and the die diameter was 1/8 in. The bulk density increased when the DDGS moisture content decreased, and the highest bulk density was observed when the moisture content was 10% db and the die diameter was 1/8 in.

Corn Bioethanol Side Streams: A Potential Sustainable Source of Fat-Soluble Bioactive Molecules for High-Value Applications

This paper reports data from a characterization study conducted on the unsaponifiable lipid fraction of dry-grind corn bioethanol side streams. Phytosterols, squalene, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and carotenoids were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in different lots of post-fermentation corn oil and thin stillage collected from a bioethanol plant over a time-span of one year. Fat-soluble bioactives were present at high levels in corn oil, with a prevalence of plant sterols over tocols and squalene. Beta-sitosterol and sitostanol accounted altogether for more than 60% of total sterols. The carotenoid profile was that typical of corn, with lutein and zeaxanthin as the prevalent molecules. The unsaponifiable lipid fraction profile of thin stillage was qualitatively similar to that of post-fermentation corn oil but, in quantitative terms, the amounts of valuable biomolecules were much lower because of the very high dilution of this side stream. Results indicate that post-fermentation corn oil is a promising and sustainable source of health-promoting bioactive molecules. The concomitant presence of a variegate complex of bioactive molecules with high antioxidant potentialities and their potential multifaceted market applications as functional ingredients for food, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical formulations, make the perspective of their recovery a promising strategy to create new bio-based value chains and maximize the sustainability of corn dry-grind bioethanol biorefineries.

135 Production of a fifty percent functional protein concentrate from the dry grind ethanol process and use of the product in diets for Atlantic salmon

The corn distilling industry is a major processor of grain, but the high fiber co-product (DDGS), has limited application in feed. Simple mechanical stillage separation downstream of fermentation produces a high protein (52.4 % DM), highly digestible, low crude fiber (4.4% DM) product containing approximately 25% DM spent brewer’s yeast (high density distillers’ protein: HDDP). Currently, approximately 300 ktons of HDDP are produced annually in the USA, and the volume will double in 2020. The effect of graded inclusion levels of HDDP on growth, feed efficiency, nutrient utilization, blood chemistry and gut histology of 525 post-smolt Atlantic salmon (initial body weight 304 ± 10.7g), randomly allocated to three tanks per treatment, was tested in a salt-water recirculating aquaculture system. One control diet with no HDDP was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of Atlantic salmon. Four test diets were formulated to contain graded levels of HDDP at 5, 10, 15 and 20% respectively. HDDP partially replaced soy protein concentrate and corn protein concentrate in the diets. Salmon were hand-fed to satiety, 3 times daily during the 84-day trial. Throughout the trial the performance of fish on all treatments exceeded commercial growth rates with thermal growth coefficients (TGC) in excess of 0.160 and feed conversion efficiency of ≤ 1.0. Overall HDDP was a nutritious feed ingredient and had no significant impact on performance. Overall TGC was highest (0.200 over the 84-day trial period) in fish fed the diet containing 10% HDDP. Both villi length and villi width in the distal intestine of salmon fed diets containing HDDP tended to be higher than in the controls. Overall, HDDP derived from the dry grind ethanol process was a safe and nutritious novel feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon, and the potential beneficial effect on gut morphology merits investigation.

THE CONVERSION OF THE MOISTURE-STABILITY WASTE-PAPERS WITH POLYMERIC COVERING. 2. CHAR-ACTERISTIC OF THE WASTE PAPER

Influence of the thermochemical processing (the cook) conditions and of the milling on characteristic of the waste paper with polyurethan and polyaziridin was studied. The waste paper was reduced to the degree size of the particles 5...8 mm in mill of the dry grind and chemical processing under higher temperature (to 70 °C) by solution, contain sodium persulfate and hydroxide; duty of water 6. Duration of cook varied from 1 to 5 hours, expense of persulfate sodium varied from 2 to 12%, hydroxide sodium – from 0.5 to 3% from mass of the waste-papers. The secondary fiber was obtaining by breaking-up of the pulp in the hydropulper. The dependency of the length and factor of the form of the secondary fiber from conditions cook was absent. The slight width increasing of the fibers with the higher pH of cooking liquor was determined: from 26.5 мкм under pH 3–4 to 29 мкм under pH 8–9. The conjectural reason is swelling of the cell wall. The waste paper milling was executed in the «stream-barrier» machine. The strength properties of the paper correspond with the feature, inherent of the secondary pulp.

THE CONVERSION OF THE MOISTURE-STABILITY WASTE-PAPERS WITH POLYMERIC COVERING. 1. BREAK-ING-UP OF THE WASTE-PAPER

Breaking-up of waste-paper with polyurethan and polyaziridin was studied. Paper moisture-stability is 49–51%. The waste paper reduced to the degree size of the particles 5–8 mm in the dry grind mill and chemical processing under higher temperature (to 70 °C) by sodium persulfate and hydroxide solution; duty of water 6. Cooking duration varied from 1 to 5 hours, solution strength of persulfate sodium – from 2 to 12%, hydroxide sodium – from 0.5 to 3% from the mass of bone-dry waste-paper. The secondary fiber received by breaking-up of the pulp in the hydropulper. The dependency degree of breaking-up, losses of the cellulose and liquor pH from the cooking variable factors approximated by the regression equations of the second order, which used for graphic presentation results. At the most importance of the all variable factors the cooks ended in the acid medium with pH 3 under practically full persulfate and hydroxide sodium consumption; at that the degree of the breaking-up more than 80% was reached, losses of the cellulose under the all conditions remained within the range of 12.6–14.6%. The necessary operations of the breaking-up: crush the dry waste-paper; the cooking of the waste-paper with sodium persulfate and hydrate; breaking-ap of the waste-paper in the hydropulper; washing the stringy mass by water; the hydrodynamic milling.