Improved Lycopene Production from Different Substrates by Mated Fermentation of Blakeslea Trispora

The production of lycopene from different substrates by Blakeslea trispora in fermentation was investigated. Lycopene productions from 4 and 6% glucose (pH 6.5) in shake flask fermentation were 77.7 and 28.1 mg L−1. Increasing the glucose concentration to 6% resulted in a decrease in lycopene production by 36.2%. A maximum lycopene concentration of 944.8 mg L−1 was detected with 4% glucose supplemented with 1.0 % sunflower oil in fermentor studies. Lycopene productions in the presence of sunflower and corn oils in the fermentor were 12.2 and 11.1 times higher, respectively, then without oil from 4 % glucose in a shake flask. Lycopene production from orange peel was two times higher in the fermentor than in the shake flask. Zygospores of B. trispora are the morphological forms, which are responsible for the production of the lycopene. The highest level of zygospores was correlated with the highest amount of intracellular lycopene in the total biomass dry weight. The media containing only orange powder (1%) gave a 4.9 mg L−1 lycopene production in a fermentor. The biosynthesis of lycopene has been started in most cases simultaneously in the early growth phase even in trace amounts. Maximum lycopene concentration was obtained when the medium was supplied with sunflower and corn oils. There is an indirect relationship between biomass and lycopene concentration.

Vacuum Carbothermic Reduction of Alumina

The current industrial production of aluminum from alumina is based on the electrochemical Hall-Héroult process, which has the drawbacks of high-greenhouse gas emissions, reaching up to 0.70 kg CO2-equiv/kg Al, and large energy consumption, about 0.055 GJ/kg Al. An alternative process is the carbothermic reduction of alumina. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations and experiments by induction furnace heating indicated that this reaction could be achieved under atmospheric pressure only above 2200° C. Lower required reaction temperatures can be achieved by alumina reduction under vacuum. This was experimentally demonstrated under simulated concentrated solar illumination and by induction furnace heating. By decreasing the CO partial pressure from 3.5 mbar to 0.2 mbar, the temperature required for almost complete reactant consumption could be decreased from 1800°C to 1550°C. Deposits condensed on the relatively cold reactor walls contained up to 71 wt% of Al. Almost pure aluminum was observed as Al drops, while a gray powder contained 60–80% Al and a yellow-orange powder contained only Al4C3, Al-oxycarbides and Al2O3.

Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Powder Complex of Tris(bipyridine)cobalt(II) Trifluoromethanesulfonate Octahydrate

The powder complex of tris(bipyridine)cobalt(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate octahydrate has been synthesized by direct interaction of the corresponding aqueous solutions (and drops of ethanol) of cobalt(II) nitrate, bipyridine, and potassium triflate. The yellow-orange powder produced was filtered off and allowed to dry on an aeration for characterization. AAS measurement showed the content of metal to be 6.06%, corresponding to the theoretical value of 6.06% in [Co(bipy)3](CF3SO3)2.8H2O. The analysis of conductance producing the charge ratio of cation to anion to be 2:1, confirms the formula. The magnetic moment, µeff, of this complex which was to be 4.5-4.9 BM, indicates that the complex is paramagnetic corresponding to the three unpaired electrons with a significantly orbital contribution. UV-Vis spectrum of the complex reveals the first band observed at about 11100 cm–1, which is associated with the spin-allowed transition, 4T1g → 4T2g. A distinct shoulder at only about 16100 cm–1 should be associated with the spin-forbidden transition of 4T1g → 2T2g,2T2g (G). The expected second and third bands which are associated with spin-allowed transitions of 4T1g → 4T1g(P) and 4T1g → 4A2g at higher energy were not well resolved. The infrared spectrum shows absorptions of the functional group of ligand which is influenced by the metal-ligand interaction in this complex. The powder XRD of this complex was refined using Le Bail method of Rietica program and found to be fit as monoclinic symmetry with a space group of C2/c.

Influence of freeze-drying conditions on orange powder flowability

Freeze-drying may be a good alternative to get less perishable fruit products. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of freeze-drying conditions of an orange puree on some flow related and rehydration properties of the obtained powders. The results showed that the application of heat during freeze-drying does not affect the parameters studied. However, the partial dehydration of the initial sample results in a lesser porosity and wettability values. Keywords: freeze-drying; porosity; wettability; angle of repose; particle size distribution

CORRELATION BETWEEN ADDED ROSSELA (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L) TO PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KALAMANSI FRUIT ORANGE POWDER AS A DRINK

The product development effort based on kalamansi aims to extend the shelf life, make the product more durable and increase the added value and fulfill the consumer demand for the practicality in the use. The purpose of this study was Determine the effect of rossela addition to physical and chemical characteristics, determine the effect of rossela addition to organoleptic characteristics. The research design used in this study was Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with treatment of percentage of dry rosella powder: 0%, 2.5%, and 5%, in which each treatment was repeated three repetitions so that nine treatment units were obtained. Parameters observed in water content, solubility rate, pH and organoleptic (flavor, aroma, color). The results showed that the greater percentage of rosella addition, water content, solubility rate and vitamin C were higher, following the equation y = 0,188x + 3,7733 for water content, Y = 6,4x + 37,767 for soluble time . Each addition of rosella occurs a decrease in pH following the equation Y = -0.086x + 4.215. While vitamin C levels follow the equation Y = 5,514x + 16,818. The panelist's preference for the product is good; evidenced by the three tests (aroma, flavor and color) have the highest level of addition of 5% rosella addition. The higher the rosella addition rate ratio the panelist prefers. The panelist's favorite level is at an average of 3 which is quite like.

Benzyltriphenylphosphonium Dichromate as a Mild Reagent for Oxidation of Thiols and Sulfides

Oxidation of thiols and sulfides under non-aqueous and aprotic conditions uses benzyltriphenylphosphonium dichromate (1, PhCH2PPh3)2 Cr2O7) which is very easily prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride with CrO3 in 3N HCl at room temperature. This reagent, a stable orange powder which may be stored for a month without loss of activity, is soluble in acetonitrile, chloroform and dichloromethane and slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride, ether and hexane.

Azarcón por Empacho—Another Cause of Lead Toxicity

A new source of toxic lead ingestion has been identified roentgenologically in Mexican-American children and adults. Azarcón is an orange powder that contains 86% to 95% lead tetroxide (Pb3O4. At least three children have been treated with this substance by folk healers for relief of abdominal symptoms. Other Hispanic medical folklores may include this toxic "remedy."