Thermal Maturity of the Grajcarek Unit (Pieniny Klippen Belt): Insights for the Burial History of a Major Tectonic Boundary of the Western Carpathians

The Grajcarek Unit of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB), at the boundary between the Central (Inner) and Outer Carpathians, resulted from the convergence of the ALCAPA (the Alps–Carpathians–Pannonia) block and European plate. The strongly deformed slices of the Grajcarek Unit consist of Jurassic–Cretaceous sedimentary rocks associated with Late Cretaceous–Middle Palaeocene synorogenic wild-flysch, and sedimentary breccias with olistoliths. Maximum burial temperatures and burial depths were estimated based on vitrinite reflectance data. The vitrinite reflectance values were wide scattered through the Grajcarek sedimentary succession, especially in the flysch formations. This is attributed mainly to the depositional effects that affected the vitrinite evolution. The determined maximum burial temperatures were interpreted due to the regional compression controlled by tectonic burial coeval with thrusting and strike-slip faulting. The regional vitrinite reflectance variations might estimate cumulative displacement around the NNW–SSE and oriented the strike-slip Dunajec fault, which is a continuation of the deep fracture Kraków–Myszków fault zone.

Analysis and Monitoring of Small-Scale Rock Fracture Zone Deformation and Shaft Failure in a Metal Mine

Rock fracture zones were distributed in a metal mine, and their deformation was always neglected because they are available on a small scale. However, the deformation of the small-scale fracture zone may lead to serious consequences, such as underground building and structure failure. Combined with the ground movement and surface fissure monitoring, the deformation of several fracture zones was analyzed by field monitoring, experimental test, and numerical simulation. The results showed that fracture deformation promoted the surface fissure movement. The horizontal movement of the foot wall rock of the fracture was found to be larger than the hanging wall rock. Deep mining engineering resulted in the squeezing of the shallow fracture, and the shallow fracture deformed more severely than the deep fracture. In the study area, fracture zone displacements were estimated according to a numerical model. The deformation and stress comparison of the shallow fracture zone and the deep fracture zone provided the characteristic of the broken structure in the field investigation.

Conclusion

One of the major consequences of the polarization within Israeli society is the deep fracture between the majority of Israelis and the various peace movements. The general public no longer has faith in its pacifists and appreciates human rights organizations even less. The peace camp is perceived as dangerous, ineffective, and at risk of corroding the Zionist narrative of the right to the land of Israel, which insists that there is only one victim in the conflict. Conversely, peace activists no longer expect support from their fellow citizens or their political leaders. Most now seek backing from abroad. This is a major change, which has nevertheless largely gone unnoticed.

Maternal relations, feminism and surrogate motherhood in the Italian context

This article examines the surrogacy debate that has developed within contemporary feminist and LGBT movements in Italy, following the approval of the law on civil unions at the beginning of 2016. This debate has been marked by a deep fracture between those who see in surrogate motherhood a chance to imagine new forms of social bonds and those who consider that women’s wombs and newborn children can never be the object of an economic ‘exchange’. I will first analyse the most controversial positions held by some feminists who have participated in the debate, which revolve around the centrality of the maternal figure. Then I will outline a brief history of the social construction of pregnancy, linking it to changes in the marketplace and the birth of biopolitics. Finally, with the help of Angela Putino’s philosophical thought I will advance a potentially different feminist approach to the issue of surrogate motherhood.

GEOLOGY OF THE ZECHSTEIN BASEMENT OF THE LEGNICA-GŁOGÓW COPPER DISTRICT (LGOM) AND ITS SURROUNDINGS: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW

On the background of a critical review of earlier studies and concepts concerning the structure of the pre-Permian basement of LGOM, the authors’s own, modified version of its tectonic model is presented, accompanied by that explaining the sedimentation and areal extent of the Lower Permian sedimentary cover. Integrated sedimentological, structural and tectonic analysis was applied in conjunction with geophysical analysis based on gravimetric and magnetic data. As a result of the analysis, the pre-Permian basement of the LGOM area is interpreted to be part of the northern Variscan internides and, at the same time, to constitutea northerly extension of the Fore-Sudetic block (Sieroszowice block) . Within the LGOM area, in its southern part, there are middle Odra fault zone, comprising the southern middle Odra fault (Lubin trough) and northern middle Odra fault, separated with the Sieroszowice block. In the middle part of the LGOM area located is the Głogów trough, cut by the Silesia-Lubusz fault in its northern segment and by the southern part of the vast middle Odra deep fracture zone.

Rock characterization for the foundation of two water reservoirs using geophysical and borehole data

In this work, we present the results of a geophysical survey at Malia, Crete, Greece. This survey combines VES, electrical tomography and seismic refraction at two sites where equal number of water reservoirs is planned to be constructed for the needs of a hybrid power station using wind-hydro pumping renewable energy. The geophysical sections are interpreted using geological and borehole data. This survey determines the thickness of the overburden, defines the quality of the carbonate bedrock, detects faults and weathered zones in carbonates. One major very low resistivity anomaly was detected at the northern investigated area, which corresponds to completely fractured or weathered limestone, while a 25m deep fracture zone, was detected at the southern investigated area.