A Novel Design of Ergonomic Ablution Place at Mosques in Arar, Saudi Arabia

Currently, there are hardly any uniform design specifications for the construction of ablution places at mosques in Saudi Arabia. Designs of ablution places are usually copied from designs of ablution places in other mosques or based on individual perspectives. Based on the researchers’ anecdotal observations, most of these designs are nonergonomic, uncomfortable, and less user-friendly for ablution in either sitting or standing position, especially for the elderly. In such designs, water splashing is common because of inappropriate heights of platforms or seats, insufficient distances between seats and faucets, and improper shapes and depths of water drain. The purpose of the present study is to present the design of a novel ergonomic ablution place to ensure comfortable, safe, and hygienic conditions. The design is particularly related to the size and height of seat, height and distance of faucet from the seat, depth and slope of water drain, and height and width of the platform. The design was implemented at four mosques in Arar, Saudi Arabia. Modifications at ablution places were made according to the proposed design and were appreciated by the local community. The design was communicated to the Directorate of Mosques in Arar and agreed upon for implementation in other mosques.

Design of an Automatic Water Pump on a Traditional Boat

Draining traditional boat water efficiently is sometimes considered to be of little importance to most fishermen. Because it is considered a normal thing without realizing it can be detrimental, both in terms of time and work. One of the things that often makes the use of draining water less efficient is that the draining of boat water is still done manually with human intervention. So that fishermen are preoccupied with removing puddles of boats and hindering their work. Based on the above problems, this study aims to make a traditional boat water drain control system automatically. This tool functions to control the volume of water in the boat as well as turn on and turn off the water pump engine automatically. This tool is able to remove puddles that enter the fishing boat automatically. The working principle of this tool, if the water hits the sensor ≥ 5 cm, the pump and buzzer will start and if the water doesn't hit the sensor, the pump and buzzer will automatically shut down.

Research of hydrodynamic interaction of a water containing shutter with flexible working bodies with a stream

In article models are described experimental installation, the technique of carrying out and results of experimental researches of hydrodynamic interaction of a water containing shutter with flexible working bodies and a water drain part of unvaquum profile with a stream, are resulted the curve dependences received for definition of hydrodynamic pressure and co-ordinates of the centres of hydrodynamic pressure, a shutter operating on a water drain part, conclusions and the conclusion

Spider webbing the land-atmosphere interface

<p>Worldwide 55-80% of the rainfall evaporates from the surface, making it a major water drain for the earth's water resources and a major supply of moisture to the atmosphere. Evaporation is relevant for crop growth and has a high impact on the severity of drought and floods. Nonetheless, this key process is still a highly uncertain, insufficiently quantified process. Also effecting weather forecasts as the available water is used as their boundary condition in atmospheric models. The persistent problem herein is our restricted understanding of the key processes of the land-atmosphere interface, as well as their interplay with hydrological and atmospheric processes. The major bottleneck is the difficulty to properly measure the land-atmosphere interface at the right spatial and temporal scale.</p><p>In this talk I will propose an experimental approach that enables data collection for the full surface energy balance at the land-atmosphere interface. This will be achieved by developing and exploiting a 'spider web' - like measurement approach with temperature measuring fibre optic cables (Distributed Temperature Sensing). This will enable simultaneously and continuously measurements of high-resolution temperature, humidity, wind, and soil moisture gradients. Which allows derivaiton of the sensible, latent, and ground heat flux and storage. The spider web offers a better representation of the land-atmosphere interface for the purpose to provide a knowledge base for improving flood and drought predictions and weather forecasts.</p>

Age mark of holocen soil formation of Moscow region′s (upper Klyazma basin)

Radiocarbon studies of three pits in the upper Klyazma river basin near the village of Chashnikovo were carried out to determine the age of buried peat and soils. On the basis of nine radiocarbon dates, the age mark of the beginning of waterlogging on the watershed hill (1650 or 1790 years AD), the termination of the activity of the hydrocarbonate source and the beginning of soil formation in the rear of the high floodplain (about 300 years BC), as well as the age of water drain/drainage of the glacial lake and the beginning of peat accumulation (about 9.3 thousand years BC) in the upper Klyazma valley were determined. The isotopic composition (18О, 13C) and Genesis of travertine-like carbonates, the deposition of which is presumably associated with the activity of the hydrocarbonate source, were determined.

EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE ON SOIL WATER REGIME AND QUALITY IN LITHUANIA

Lithuania remains one of the most extensively drained of the Baltic and Nordiccountries. The overall drained area (ditches plus tile drains) totalled 87% of theagricultural land area. Many nutrients from soil are leached through drainageresulting in polluting streams (drain flow receivers) water. Drain flow is treated asa major determinant of water quality. Therefore, the reduction of nutrients enteringthe drains is very important. Controlled drainage conception, when the outflowheight is increased at the mouth, helps reduce drainage runoff and partially purifywater. The aim of the research was to establish controlled drainage influence on thesoil moisture regime, nitrogen and phosphorus leaching. Investigations werecarried out in sandy loam and loam soils in the Middle Lithuanian Lowland. Basedon studies, several tendencies were observed: when drainage outflow began, theamount of soil moisture in subsoil (50-80 cm layer of the soil) of controlleddrainage plot was higher than in the conventional drainage plot, and highermoisture supplies stayed for a longer period of time. Controlled drainage had nodirect impact on phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations but they were influencedby the leaching quantities of plant usable nutrients. The reason that in many caseslower nitrate nitrogen (54% of all measurements) and phosphorus concentrations(77% of all measurements) were found in the conventional system rather than inthe controlled drainage might be connected to the fact that the latter area containedpredominantly lighter textured soils (sandy loam) making it easier to wash awaythe nutrients unused by plant.