Health actor approaches to financing universal coverage strategies for pneumococcal and rotavirus immunisation programmes in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionSustainable financing of immunisation programmes is an important step towards universal coverage of life-saving vaccines. Yet, financing mechanisms for health programmes could have consequences on the design of universal approaches to immunisation coverage. Effective implementation of immunisation interventions necessitates investigating the roles of institutions and power on interventions. This review aims to understand how sustainable financing and equitable immunisation are conceptualised by health actors like Gavi, and government-related entities across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and how financing mechanisms can affect universal coverage of vaccines.Methods and analysisThis study protocol outline a scoping review of the peer-reviewed and the grey literature, using established methodological framework for scoping review. Literature will be identified through a comprehensive search of multiple databases and grey literature. All peer-reviewed implementation research studies from the year 2002 addressing financing and universal coverage of immunisation programmes for the pneumococcal conjugated vaccine and rotavirus vaccines immunisation interventions will be included and grey literature published in/after the year 2015. For the study scope, population, concept and context are defined: Population as international and national health stakeholders financing immunisation programmes; Concept as implementation research on pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccination interventions; and Context as LMICs. Findings will be quantitatively summarised to provide an overview and narratively synthesised and analysed. Studies that do not use implementation research approaches, frameworks or models will be excluded.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required for this scoping review. Findings and recommendations will be presented to implementation researchers and health stakeholders.

The role of commercial banks in sustainable finance

The market for financial instruments for sustainable finance has enormous growth potential. So far, Ukrainian banks adhere to a passive strategy in sustainable financing, which, in contrast to the active strategy, assigns banks the role of an agent in the implementation of national or international programs. Moreover, ‘green’ financing at the state level is seen as synonymous with sustainable finance. Lending to energy efficiency projects for businesses and households dominates among all areas of sustainable financing. Banks with local capital and especially state-owned banks are losing access to wholesale borrowing markets. The dependence of many Ukrainian banks on the target funds of international lenders for the development of sustainable financing weakens national financial security in the absence of large-scale national programs. It is expedient at the level of the Government of Ukraine to develop a program to intensify sustainable financing, with an emphasis on green and social impact and implementation through state banks. Sustainable financing should not exacerbate structural imbalances due to the curtailment of lending to sectors that have accumulated problems with adherence to environmental standards, social norms and corporate governance. The National Bank as a regulator and supervisor is able to act as a catalyst for the development of sustainable finance in Ukraine, with adoption of relevant standards harmonised with EU taxonomy.

Responsible Lending Policy of Green Investments in the Energy Sector in Poland

The paper concerns the issue of responsible involvement of commercial banks in Poland in green financing of the energy sector. The main reason for undertaking this topic is the observed increased interest of domestic banks in green financing of investments on the energy market in Poland. Therefore, the main objective are to explore the determinants of changes in the level and structure of bank loans under the influence of green investments in the energy sector in Poland. The article verifies the research hypothesis which assumes that an increase in financing green investments by bank loans in the energy market in Poland requires strengthening the synergy of responsible financing of sustainable development of the economy. For this purpose, a two-stage concept of the empirical research was adopted. On the first stage, questionnaire surveys were conducted among the largest Polish commercial banks to examine the respondents’ acceptance degree of the concept of sustainable financing and greening the loan portfolio. On the second stage, case studies were analyzed along with the analysis of selected secondary quantitative data. It was proven that commercial banks in Poland increase their commitment to sustainable financing, which is observed in the sectorally progressing process of “greening” the credit offer. There is also a noticeable change in their approach to social responsibility, especially in the context of the energy market, where financing of traditional, ecologically harmful projects is still dominant. However, this trend is slowly being reversed, towards supporting investments in the area of modern, environmentally-friendly energy solutions. However, “greening” of loan portfolios in the native banking sector requires a responsible lending policy based on various complex business decisions. Increasing their pro-ecological awareness of financing the economy is only a prerequisite, albeit inadequate, of further energy transformation in Poland.

Implementation of International Sustainable Financing Practices into the National Debt System. Can Infrastructure Loans Become Responsible?

The article examines the debt instruments of responsible financing, presented in world practice mainly in the form of green bonds, following the common principles of the International Capital Market Association (ICMA). A brief description of each bond issue model is provided: green bonds, social bonds, sustainability bonds, sustainability-linked bonds, and climate transition bonds. For each of the models for issuing responsible bonds, issuing companies are given as examples, with a brief description of the corresponding target parameters. The article focuses on the special measures of federal monetary support to Russian regions introduced in 2021. Based on the adopted comparative typological research method, these measures are analyzed from the standpoint of correlation with the established principles of sustainable financing and accepted widespread (general) international practice. Moreover, attention is paid both to interbudgetaryfinancial instruments presented in the form of infrastructure loans and new infrastructure projects for the purposes of regional economic development, and to the forthcoming issue of infrastructure bonds by Russian financial development institutions (in particular, Dom.RF). It is emphasized that the states themselves, and not only the corporate sector, are becoming active participants in the markets for sustainable financing, realizing the goals of long-term infrastructure development and the implementation of regional economic policies combined with a sectoral approach based on the principles of green economy (exemplified by Germany). A conclusion is made about the possibility of implementing new federal instruments of regional economic support in the system of target principles of sustainable development (ESG criteria). To achieve such a result, a qualitatively deep structuring of the proposed Russian financial instruments for infrastructure development will be required. Above all, this relates to the inclusion in the responsible debt policy instrument methodology of such four core components of the ICMA’s green bond principles (GBP) as the Use of Proceeds (1), Process for Project Evaluation and Selection (2), Management of Proceeds (3), and Reporting (4).

Sustainable Financing for Urban Karnataka: Viable Options

The objectives of the current paper are to suggest measures to improve the taxation and tax collection mechanisms in selected cities of Karnataka. We review and reform (where necessary) bases of assessments of revenue streams and suggest enhancement of revenue sources by suitable mechanisms that can be implemented in all the selected cities. Finally, we estimate revenue capacities of the cities and recommend expansion capabilities. The methodology of the study involved visits to each of the selected 12 cities, examination of their audited financial statements, analysis of their major revenue sources and estimation of revenue capacities for each of the cities. We recommended measures to fix relevant policies to improve the system of tax collection and revenue generation mechanisms. Summarizing our findings, increasing revenue compliance from non-paying and unassessed properties and taxation of government properties of a commercial nature, increases the property tax base for all cities across the board. The next step is to increase values of properties, in accordance with market values in an economic sense, in a gradual manner. Water connections must be metered, given that water is a scarce resource, we find its revenue potential to be nearly the same as that from property tax.

Making Sustainble Finance Sustainable

The purpose of this paper is to highlight some issues and proffer solutions that can make sustainable finance become sustainable. One, there should be greater focus on how some aspects of finance can contribute to sustainability. Two, light-touch regulation may be needed to grow the relatively small sustainable finance sector. Three, there is a need to adopt a bottom-up approach to grow the sustainable finance sector. Four, voluntary ESG disclosures and related sustainability reporting should be encouraged. Five, short-term financial instruments can complement long term instruments in sustainable financing.

КОМПАНИЯ КАПИТАЛЫ ҚҰРЫЛЫМЫНЫҢ ТЕОРИЯЛЫҚ НЕГІЗДЕРІ

Капитал компании нужен для осуществления коммерческой деятельности и создания добавленной стоимости для заинтересованных сторон, включая экономику. Нужно оценить, как изменился взгляд на структуру капитала компании с теоретической точки зрения, чтобы найти, какие концепции и теории, если таковые имеются актуальны сейчас. Есть также новые определения и задачи, переходящие от определения и изучения оптимальной структуры капитала компании к устойчивому финансированию, таксономии, а также устойчивости структуры капитала компании. Потому цель этого анализа: установить имеющиеся главные теории, которые влияют на структуру капитала компании и анализирующие её и провести изучение теоретический сдвиг теорий, который был основан на потребностях. Авторы определили структуру капитала компании и определили, что число научных публикаций существенно увеличилось, что подтверждает необходимость переоценки теоретических основ теорий структуры капитала, также помогает найти тенденции, все еще относительные и возникающие в результате теоретические и практические аспекты структуры капитала компании. Компанияның капиталы коммерциялық қызметті жүзеге асыру және мүдделі тараптар үшін, соның ішінде экономика үшін қосымша құн құру үшін қажет. Қазіргі уақытта қандай тұжырымдамалар мен теориялар бар екенін табу үшін компанияның капитал құрылымына деген көзқарас теориялық тұрғыдан қалай өзгергенін бағалау керек. Сондай-ақ, компания капиталының оңтайлы құрылымын анықтау мен зерттеуден тұрақты қаржыландыруға, таксономияға, сондай-ақ компания капиталы құрылымының тұрақтылығына ауысатын жаңа анықтамалар мен міндеттер бар. Сондықтан бұл талдаудың мақсаты: Компания капиталының құрылымына әсер ететін және оны талдайтын негізгі теорияларды құру және қажеттіліктерге негізделген теориялардың теориялық ауысуын зерттеу. Авторлар компанияның капитал құрылымын анықтады және ғылыми басылымдардың саны едәуір артқанын анықтады, бұл капитал құрылымының теорияларының теориялық негіздерін қайта бағалау қажеттілігін растайды, сонымен қатар компанияның капитал құрылымының салыстырмалы және туындайтын тенденцияларын табуға көмектеседі. Including the economy, the company's capital is needed to carry out commercial activities and create added value for interested parties. It is necessary to assess how the view of the company's capital structure has changed from a theoretical point of view to find which concepts and theories, if any, are relevant now. Some new definitions and tasks move from determining and studying the optimal capital structure of the company to sustainable financing, taxonomy, as well as the sustainability of the company's capital structure. Therefore, the purpose of this analysis is to establish the existing main theories that affect the capital structure of the company and analyze it and conduct a study of the theoretical shift of theories that were based on needs. The authors determined the company's capital structure and determined that the number of scientific publications has increased significantly, which confirms the need to re-evaluate the theoretical foundations of capital structure theories, also helps to find trends that are still relative and the resulting theoretical and practical aspects of the company's capital structure.

The Study Designing A Sustainable Financing Model For Health Promotion Services In Iran

Background: Sustainable financing for Health Promotion Services (HPS) has always been challenged and attracted the attention of health domain politicians. This study was conducted to aim at designing a sustainable health financing model for HPS in IranMethods: This combined study was conducted in two phases. First, the published comparative study of sustainable financing for HPS and comprehensive study of the related current documents with this subject from 2005 to 2017 were used. In the second phase, the qualitative interviews for Iran’s current situation and capacities for sustainable health financing of HPS and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) meetings for finalized the aforementioned model were used.Results: The rules and advantages of levying sin tax, the related stakeholders in sustainable health financing, challenges and solutions of gathering, pooling, and purchasing of sustainable financial resources have been extracted.Conclusion: According to the results, there is no political and national commitment to executing sustainable health financing regulations in Iran. Lack of necessary infrastructures for their execution, resistance, and disagreement of harmful good industries are the barriers to executing these regulations. The model was suggested establishing a health promotion foundation and the permanent law for execution necessity and legitimacy of receiving public budget, sin tan, health tax, and duties will be provided.