verbal thinking
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Author(s):  
Olena Nevelska-Hordieieva ◽  
Valeriia Nechytailo

Problem setting. Manipulations are the main thing in «black rhetoric». Nowadays, it is not difficult to influence with the help of words, different techniques can be used, but they all act as a forced verbal influence on the listener. All of them are formulated and sound based on the power of words. However, where the coercion of submission to another's will is disguised and hidden, there is always contempt and speculation. Therefore, it is no coincidence that most experts raise the question of the moral side of the use of black rhetoric. However, it is fair to say that "black rhetoric" does not mean that it is "forbidden rhetoric." Most likely − this is the reverse side of the classic rules of the communicative process. These are two reverse sides of the same coin: on the one hand, argumentation and logic are clearly presented. On the other hand − rhetoric as a method of securing beliefs. It is believed that black rhetoric is constructive under certain conditions.Paper objectiv. An article devoted to the study of the problems of the application of manipulations with «black rhetoric», coverage of the technology of black rhetoric and methods of resistance to the means and technical manipulative influence on consciousness. The aim of the study is to reveal the techniques of «black rhetoric» and find ways to overcome several methods of manipulating consciousness. Paper main body.  According to K. Bredemayer, "black rhetoric" is the manipulation of a complex of rhetorical, dialectical, polemical and rabid methods in order to direct the conversation in the desired direction and lead the opponent or the audience to the desired conclusion and result for the manipulator. "Black rhetoric" and logic are interconnected, they are united not only by a common process of proof, but also by the fact that each of the sciences is based on thinking, in fact, the main type of rhetoric is verbal thinking, and the most important argument is manipulation. Verbal thinking − thinking that operates with fixed concepts in words, thoughts, conclusions, analyzes and summarizes, builds hypotheses and theory. It takes place in forms that are constant in the language, ie carried out in the processes of internal or ("thinking aloud") external language. Communication through verbal means is nothing more than the use of a living word in the transmission of information. But in addition to language, speech, there are other means of communication. People exchange information through gestures, facial expressions, looks, postures, body movements, which are called non-verbal (non-verbal) means of communication. Nonverbal communication is a system of nonverbal cues that serve as a means of exchanging information between people. There is no consensus on the composition of non-verbal components of communication, their classification is based on different criteria. Thus, the communicative nonverbal components of communication are praxodic, kinetic, toxic and proxemic means. "Black rhetoric" uses primarily verbal manipulations. Manipulation is the covert control of people and their behavior. The peculiarity of all manipulative language techniques is that the speaker does not directly state his true purpose. The interlocutor seems to come to the conclusion that the manipulator needs. Language manipulation can be found in almost all spheres of human life: in advertising, trade, politics, education, psychotherapy, jurisprudence, literature, family communication and more. In addition to language manipulation, there is also psychological manipulation, which has the following characteristics: the attitude of the manipulator to the objects of manipulation as a means to achieve one's own goal; the desire to gain a unilateral advantage; the latent nature of the influence (both the fact of influence and its direction); use of psychological vulnerability of the person. The analysis of the listed manipulative techniques of "black rhetoric" shows the absence of logical methods of proof and refutation. Psychological factors, emotional influences, suggestive possibilities are emphasized − thinking avoids logical principles of proof and refutation. Conclusions of the research. Strategies such as: take the initiative in the conversation to prevent manipulation; do not allow a skillful interlocutor-manipulator to disturb the normal course of your thoughts in his favor, because black rhetoric seeks to use linguistic means, the purpose of which is the ability to argue and discuss, emphasize and propagate so that the speaker always wins, despite the erroneous judgments. To effectively counteract "black rhetoric", psychological influence through critical thinking and reflection should be avoided; emphasize the logical means of discussion; analyze the information by comparing the proposed facts to be verified. Mastering the logical methods of introducing a discussion allows you to overcome the dangerous effects of "black rhetoric", to resist suggestions. Information security is thus achieved by mastering logical knowledge and skills of logical proof and refutation.


Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Savitskaya ◽  

The article contains the results of research on historical continuity and parallelism between concrete eidetic verbal thinking and abstract conceptual verbal thinking. We demonstrate how sensory images acquire a symbolic function, expressing abstract ideas, and how events of the inner (mental) world are modeled by using images of events of the outer (material) world. In the course of historical evolution, on its way to becoming abstract, human thinking inherited patterns developed at previous stages; new ideas concerning the world are based on old ones, used as a foundation. The cognitive basis of abstract thinking consists of sensory images. By way of illustration, we study the cognitive pattern ‘Mental Phenomena’ belonging to the English linguoculture, in which images of events occurring in the objective (material) world serve as models of events occurring in the subjective (mental) world. The results of this process are embodied in the meanings, the inner form, and the combinability of units of the English language. The examples given in the article show that the sensory substrate has deeply and organically grown into abstract thinking and latently influences it. Even scientific abstract thinking is not free from sensory visualization; the latter acts as its cognitive substrate. This visualization, which makes it possible to model objects by analogy, plays a useful role in scientific thinking. In many units of the English language having an abstract meaning and included into the semantic field ‘Mental Phenomena’, a concrete meaning may be found at some point of their semantic evolution. This is a manifestation of historical continuity and structural parallelism between concrete and abstract thinking.


2020 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Vladimirovna Savitskaya

The article contains a discussion of how the grammatical structure of a language determines sentence structure and affects verbal thinking strategy. The stages of languages’ historic development (incorporative, ergative, nominative) and the relationship between sentence structure and native speakers’ thinking are characterized. The common case of the grammatical subject of a sentence does mean that Anglo-Saxons regard themselves as their own fortune’s active makers and masters. The common case equally expresses success and failure, activity and passivity, self-will and conformity. Nowadays, languages of all the three types coexist on the Globe. The languages of the first two types are used not only by primitive peoples but also by civilized nations. But this does not mean that civilized speakers think archaically. Methods and conclusions. Contrastive analysis of language material (English personal and Russian impersonal morphosyntactic constructions) enables the author to conclude: there is no direct correlation between national character and sentence structure. The connection between thinking and grammar does not consist in this; it consists in the choice of thinking strategies based on the grammatical potential of the language under discussion.


Author(s):  
Виктор Леонидович Круткин

Репрезентация – это представление одного явления в другом и посредством другого. Цель статьи – рассмотреть границы применения понятия репрезентации к опыту производства и использования техногенных изображений. Изображения – это особого рода артефакты, это не слепки или двойники предметов. Неправильно думать, что в них копируются формы уже видимого мира, копировать можно изображения, а не предметы. В изображениях скорее производятся формы, которые еще только становятся видимыми. После талантливого рисовальщика, как и фотографа, мир заметно прирастает в плане видимого. В объем коммуникативной компетентности человека входит задача не только научиться говорить. Освоиться со светом – это научиться видеть и научиться быть видимым, обращаться со светом в этом смысле столь же важно, как и обращаться с алфавитом. Не менее важно то, что видящий субъект – это говорящий субъект. Зрение как раз нужно, чтобы говорить, что человек видит или не видит. В опыте восприятия пересекаются различные активности, условно можно выделить телесную, символическую и образную составляющие. Именно поэтому в составе культурного ландшафта выделяют вещественные, вербальные и визуальные артефакты. Они вовлекаются в работу памяти – дискурсивной и образной. Символы – это то, чем обмениваются субъекты коммуникации, ими задается горизонтальный вектор связи людей. Образы не обязательно вовлечены в обмен и тяготеют к целостно- континуальной форме как и сакральные предметы. Визуальный поворот заключается не в том, что ученые вдруг «открыли» для себя и для других изображения и готовы «закрыть» языковой мир. Поворот заключается в отказе признавать «естественным» доминирование символов над образами. От человека эпохи модерна в первую очередь ожидали способности рационально интерпретировать реальность. Такие процедуры понимались как мышление, разум. И если на стороне человека обнаруживались какие-то иные знаковые формации, то их приходилось с ритуальными сожалениями редуцировать к «неразумному». Эмоции, чувства, аффекты и сегодня часто отождествляются с природным наследием, но не культурными началами. В статье ставится под сомнение утверждение, что фотография – это репрезентативная система языкового типа. Показывается, что в фотографии мы имеем дело с прямым присутствием мира, показывается, что призывы «читать фотографии» остаются лишь метафорами, что функции фотографии в культуре не сводятся к коммуникативной передаче информации. Будучи образной системой, фотография всегда окружается речью, она адресуется к желаниям и чувствам, воображению и эмоциям людей. Она обращается в сторону, противоположную репрезентации. В ней содержится запрос на развитие нерепрезентативного подхода к визуальным артефактам культуры. В нерепрезентативном подходе эмоции не противопоставляются рациональности, рассматриваются как вариант мышления. Такое мышление разворачивается в категориях тела (жеста) и аффекта. Мысль помещается в действие, а действие помещается в мир, когнитивное и аффективное в опыте не находятся в противоречии. Репрезентативные и нерепрезентативные подходы служат предпосылками для разных стилей мышления, выбор такого стиля и определяет границу действия принципа репрезентации. Representation is the presentation of one thing in another and through another. The purpose of the article is to consider the applicability of the principle of representation to photographic experience, the article discusses the reasons why images appear in culture. Images are not just a cast or a duplicate of an object. It is not just reproducing the forms of the already visible world, but rather producing forms that are just becoming visible in the world. After a talented draftsman, as well as a photographer, the world grows in terms of the visible. The scope of a person's communicative competence includes the task of not only learning to speak. To get used to light is to learn to see and to learn to be visible, and to use light in this sense is just as important as to use the alphabet. The mirror in culture anticipated photography. The mirror helped make the image that others wanted to see real. In the experience of perception, various activities intersect: bodily, figurative, and symbolic. The symbols are what passes between the subject of communication, they define the horizontal vector of the connection of people. Images are not necessarily involved in exchange and tend to be integral and continuous, just like sacred objects. The visual turn is not that scientists have suddenly "discovered" images for themselves and for others, and are ready to "close" the language world. The turn is the refusal to recognize the "natural" dominance of symbols in the turnover of visual images. Human sensuality was not lucky in the modern era. A person of this era was primarily expected to be able to rationally represent reality for its interpretation. If any formations other than "intelligence" were found on the human side, they had to be reduced to "non-intelligence" with ritual regrets. Emotions, feelings, and affects were identified as natural, but not cultural, entity. The article presents arguments that refute the assumptions that photography is a representative system of a language type. It is shown that judgments about "reading photos" are only metaphors, which means that the function of photography in culture is not limited to the transmission of information. Being as a visual system, photography is primarily addressed to feelings and emotions. The article considers the arguments of proponents of non-representative theory which reject interpretative methodologies. In the non-representative approach, emotions are considered as thinking. Such thinking unfolds in the categories of body (gesture) and affect, this thinking is different from verbal thinking. Thought is placed in action, and action is placed in the world, the cognitive and affective in experience are not in conflict. Representative and non-representative theories come from different styles of thinking, and the choice of this style determines the boundary of the representation principle.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-316
Author(s):  
Xinghe Liu

AbstractThe origins and nature of consciousness have preoccupied mankind since human beings became aware of themselves as thinking beings. Seeking answers to these questions was the focus of the life-long research project of the former Soviet scholar, Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (1896–1934), who was intent on developing a holistic theory of psycholinguistics to explore consciousness through psyche. In this quest, he concentrated on rechevóye myshlénie, a key element of consciousness created through the unification of thinking processes and languaging processes (the processes involved in the acquisition and use of language). However, the fact Vygotsky used this concept to imply a psychological process/ formation/system is lost when understanding it as “verbal thinking.” Despite its centrality in his whole theory of psycholinguistics, Vygotsky’s analysis of rechevóye myshlénie as the cornerstone of the creation of znachenie slova (meaning through language) has not received the same attention as his analyses of other concepts. Therefore, in this article we attempt to make a detailed investigation of rechevóye myshlénie upon Vygotsky’s methodology of psychological materialism and a number of related concepts compared with some prevalent translations and interpretations.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Iroda Sidikovna Kakharova ◽  
◽  
Gulrux Shavkatovna Qahhorova ◽  

In emotional speech, inherent to human- linguistic, logical, and spiritual activities are interconnected, reflecting a unique process of verbal thinking in a unique way, which once again demonstrates that language is one of the means of moving not only the mind but also the psyche. In this sense, in linguistics, emotional speech is perceived as one of the distinct linguistic structures of speech. Emotional speech expands due to concepts and categories associated with activities such as perception, cognition, understanding, analysis as a linguistic and speech structure, one of the special syntactic devices aimed at transmitting and transmitting emotional effects through linguistic, intonational and grammatical means. They are active in thinking, feeling, or expressing human feelings.


2020 ◽  
pp. 111-128

In emotional speech, human-specific linguistic, logical, and spiritual activities are interconnected, reflecting a unique process of verbal thinking in a unique way, which once again demonstrates that language is one of the means of moving not only the mind but also the psyche. In this sense, in linguistics, emotional speech is perceived as one of the distinct, distinctive linguistic, speech structures. Emotional speech expands with concepts and categories related to activities such as perception, cognition, comprehension, analysis as a linguistic and speech structure, one of the special syntactic devices, aimed at conveying emotional affect through linguistic, intonational and grammatical means. They manifest the activity of a person’s thinking, feeling, or expression of feelings.


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