Polityczne konteksty genezy przestępstwa o charakterze chuligańskim w polskim prawie karnym

The study deals with the politicization of the hooligan nature of the crime in the initial period of the functioning of this structure in the Polish social and legal reality after World War II. The political entanglement of such behaviors, their ideologization and perception through the prism of attacks on the foundations of the new socio-economic system was undoubtedly influenced by the origin of this circumstance. The politicization of hooligan behavior in the Soviet reality — from where this structure was transplanted into the native reality and ultimately the legal order — had had a long tradition at that time. Over two decades of experience in demonstrating the “class” nature of such behavior, its “counter-revolutionary” basis and the “anti-systemic” motivation of its perpetrators were reflected in the statements of some of the interpreters of hooliganism in Poland at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s. Analyzing the literature and judicial decisions from this period, attention was drawn to the scale of the politicized exegesis of this concept and its reminiscences in the later periods of its functioning in the domestic criminal law system. At the same time, the exponential trend was not omitted, which more or less firmly disregarded the relationship between hooliganism and politics.

Transformation of the Image of Japan in Murzilka Magazine in the 20th century

The image of Japan in the children’s magazine “Murzilka” has been changing depending on the relations between the USSR and Japan and the development of interliterary ties during the 20th century. During the period of the Japanese invasion to Manchuria and the Lake Khasan Battle, abstract “Japanese” are presented as aggressors, fascists, encroaching on the Soviet borders. The class nature of the Japanese-Chinese conflicts is emphasized. During the period of the Khrushchev Thaw Japan turns out to be a country with an interesting and unique culture. There are published poems and songs of Japanese poets, fairy tales, descriptions of folk holidays and everyday life, “paper theater” kamishibai there. In the first decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Japan mesmerizes “Murzilka”’s readers with the unity of material and spiritual culture, presented in ikebana, origami and tea ceremony. It is a country that exists beyond time, and the basis of Japanese life is formed by ancient traditions and exquisite holidays.

A Turkish Plague Tale: Dying Healthcare Workers in Pandemics

Background: The aim of the present study is to analyze the data obtained in the pandemics to highlight the picture that emerged in the struggle against the disease in Turkey, with special emphasis on the deaths of healthcare workers (HCW). Methods: In this report, the age, gender, province and institution of employment, distribution of death by months, occupation, chronic disease status, and death rates by occupation of 403 active HCW who died due to COVID-19 disease from the beginning of the epidemic until May 31, 2021 were evaluated. Results: A majority (n=351, 87.1%) of the HCW who lost their lives due to COVID-19 are male. More than one third (36.0%) of all COVID-19 deaths in HCW are physicians; 13.2% (n=53) was pharmacists and 6.0% (n=24) was nurses and midwives. Working in private sector is overrepresented in deaths. Death due to COVID-19 is 8.32 per 10,000 among physicians; 13.78 in male physicians; while only 0.56 in female physicians. Mortality among HCW has slowed down since the vaccine was introduced.Conclusions: Deaths that have occurred or may occur due to COVID-19 are mostly preventable deaths. Deceased HCW are significantly younger than all COVID-19 deaths, which suggests that HCW have not been protected necessarily. Likewise, the number of deaths among blue-collar workers in healthcare is more frequent in those younger than 50 years old is an indication of the class nature of the pandemic. Trial registration: The article has not been pre-registered because it does not include reports of a health care intervention on human participants.

The End of the Oppression of Indigenous Peoples under Capitalism? Bolivia under the Morales Government

Examination of the indigenous issue under the Evo Morales government in the framework of class struggle points to the weakening of the labor movement with the implantation of neoliberal measures in the late 1980s and the rise of the indigenous movement. The constituent assembly restored the democratic illusions weakened by the upheavals of 2000 and 2003. Its predominantly indigenous and peasant composition brought the agrarian question and the recognition of indigenous nationalities to the center of the debate. This experience did not and could not change the class nature of the state. The maintenance and defense of large private capitalist property is incompatible with a practice of national sovereignty and self-determination of indigenous nationalities. Um exame a questão indígena sob o governo Evo Morales nos marcos da luta de classes aponta o enfraquecimento do movimento operário com a implantação de medidas neoliberais nos fins dos anos 1980 e a ascensão o movimento indígena. A constituinte recompôs as ilusões democráticas enfraquecidas com os levantes de 2000 e 2003. A composição predominantemente indígena e camponesa da assembleia constituinte e a presença das suas organizações no processo traziam para o centro do debate a solução da questão agrária e do reconhecimento das nacionalidades indígenas. Esta experiência não modificou e nem poderia modificar a natureza de classe do Estado. A manutenção e defesa da grande propriedade privada capitalista são incompatíveis com uma prática de soberania nacional e autodeterminação das nacionalidades indígenas.

Peningkatkan Aktivitas Siswa Menggunakan Media Papan Catur tentang Materi Pewarisan Sifat Kelas IX SMPN 4 Kota Solok

Material inheritance is one of the materials in science subjects that students are less interested in. This can be seen from the low motivation of students in learning. In addition, in this material students are required to use a variety of terms that are new to them, using letter symbols to indicate characteristic or genes in order to be able to cross and be able to determine the choice of genotypes and phenotypes resulting from these crosses. The purpose of this study was to increase the activities of students who use chess boards on material inheritance. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR) which was conducted in two cycles. The subjects of this study were 30 students in class IXa. The results of this study indicate the use of chessboard media on class nature inheritance material in class IXa students at SMPN 4 Solok City can increase student activity. Thus this media can be used in learning to increase student activity on material inheritance.

The Battle of Žižkov: Urban Planners’ Transition from Heritage Protection to Neoliberal Discursive Planning

On the example of working-class Prague quarter of Žižkov, the article studies the interrelation between heritage protection of late nineteenth-century tenement housing and neoliberal city policies after 1989. It locates the common root of both phenomena in the strong sense of crisis of socialist modernist urbanism among urban planners and architects since the early 1970s. The criticism of socialist urbanism culminated shortly before the Velvet Revolution of 1989 in a public struggle against demolition and redevelopment of the entire Žižkov quarter, led by a group of young architects. The article concludes by describing a bitter victory as the quarter’s architecture was eventually saved, while neoliberal urban policies and gentrification eroded its working-class nature. This process illustrates a major shift in urban expertise from social planning under socialism to neoliberal discursive planning in which a “story” of a city is constructed through preservation of belle-époque tenement housing.

Imigranci tureccy w Polsce. Percepcja różnic kulturowych w procesie adaptacji na rynku pracy

This article is about immigrants’ perceptions of their host society and cultural differences. The analysis is based on twenty in-depth interviews conducted in 2018 with persons from Turkey working in Poland. Their narratives are a rich source of information about the challenges of the integration process and about the opportunities and dilemmas of ethnically and religiously diverse groups in Polish society, which is becoming increasingly multicultural. The respondents pointed to the recent noticeable deterioration in the attitude of Poles toward foreigners in general, which translates into more negative attitudes toward Turks. The cultural differences most commonly noticed related to work culture and working conditions. Although Poland’s fairly large ethnic uniformity was mostly declared to be a hindrance in the adaptation process, some immigrants saw it as strengthening social cohesion and facilitating adaptation to life in the new country. In defining the cultural differences and expectations of the host society, the foreigners became more aware of the values, practices, and attitudes with which they had become acquainted. Some interviewees did not define the differences they observed as traits of the sending or receiving society but rather “de-nationalized” the differences and referred to other categories of diversity, for example, of a class nature.

Bitcoin as a new asset class

Purpose Bitcoin is the best-known cryptocurrency which currently holds the largest market capitalisation and is regarded as a standard example of a cryptocurrency. There is, however, no consensus as to the nature of the Bitcoin. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Bitcoin represents a new asset class by building on prior research. Design/methodology/approach The prior literature on asset classes is explored in detail and then applied to the Bitcoin. Four key criteria of asset classes are discussed, namely, investability, politico-economic profile, correlation of returns and risk-reward profile. Statistical techniques are used to inform the conclusions for the third and fourth criteria. Findings This research finds that the Bitcoin represents a distinct alternative investment and asset class. There are significant opportunities for investment. The politico-economic profile of the decentralised and consensus-based Bitcoin is dissimilar to other asset classes. The Bitcoin shares little or no correlation with other asset classes. Using Sharpe Ratios, it is shown that the Bitcoin provides risk-adjusted returns over and above most asset classes. Research limitations/implications The aim of this research is to present a normative exploration into the asset class nature of the Bitcoin and, as a result, the aim is not to create positivist generalisable conclusions. This paper does not address cryptocurrencies, other than Bitcoin and does not constitute a detailed manual on modern portfolio theory. Originality/value This research adds to finance paradigm research on the Bitcoin by including a developing country perspective on Bitcoin as an asset class as prior studies have concentrated on developed country settings. Further, this research introduces recent economic data (2014 to 2017) in the form of daily observations to enhance prior understanding. It is important to understand if the Bitcoin represents an alternative investment and new asset class as this may affect investment decisions.

On the issue of the state and legal regulation of petty bourgeois' self-government in the Russian Empire

This article examines the formation and development of the petty bourgeois' self-government of the late 18th — the early 19th centuries. The author made an attempt to reveal the main stages of development of petty bourgeois' self-government in Russia within the framework of the proposed periodisation. The paper analyses the main legal acts and the changes they make to the legal regulation of the activities of the local government bodies within a certain historical framework. The author provides an analysis of the legal regulation of issues of an intra-class nature and the representation of members of petty-bourgeois corporations in local government and state bodies. On the basis of the conducted research, conclusions are drawn up on the need for further reform of the existing forms of public participation in solving local issues, taking into account historical experience.