Discovery of a tsunami deposit from the Bronze Age Santorini eruption at Malia (Crete): impact, chronology, extension

A geomorphological survey immediately west of the Minoan town of Malia (Crete) shows that a tsunami resulting from the Bronze Age Santorini eruption reached the outskirts of the Palatial center. Sediment cores testify a unique erosional event during the Late Minoan period, followed locally by a high energy sand unit comprising marine fauna. This confirms that a tsunami impacted northern Crete and caused an inundation up to 400 m inland at Malia. We obtained a radiocarbon range of 1744–1544 BCE for the secure pre-tsunami context and an interval 1509–1430 BCE for the post-event layer. Examination of tsunami deposits was used to constrain run-up not exceeding 8 m asl. The results open the field for new research on the Bronze Age Santorini tsunami regarding both impact and consequences for the Minoan civilization.

MORPHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE BARRIER SYSTEM OF “WINGED FORELAND” KINBURNSKA–POKROVSKA–DOVGY

In the coastal zone of the oceans, there are various coastal systems, among which the most specific are “winged forelands”. Within the Black Sea coast there are four “winged forelands”: Tendra–Dzharylgach, Kinburnska–Pokrovska–Dovgiy, Burnaska–Budatska and Lebedyna–Ustrychna, which named by same structural ones. The purpose of the publication is to systematize the primary information about the morphological features of the coastal zone of the barrier system type ‘winged foreland” Kinburnska–Pokrovska–Dovgy which was obtained during field research.During the natural research in 2019, within the most typical areas of the coastal zone, reference benchmarks and morphological profiles were laid and recorded by a GPS. The total length of the coastal system is about 35 km, within its boundaries there are 7 benchmarks, which contains for 1 benchmark per 5 km, and a systematic geomorphological survey of 20 profiles (1 profile per 1.75 km) is carried out. Relevant indicators suggest that the results of the research are reliable.Morphologically, the studied system is a “winged foreland”, within which there are four structural and morphological elements: Kinburnska Spit, Frontal Coast or “headland”, Pokrovska Spit with the islands of Kruglyi and Dovhyi. Kinburnska Spit is a free accumulative coastal form located in the northwestern part of the Kinburn Peninsula. Morphogenetically, it is an arrow that develops in the conditions of bilateral feeding by beach sediments. The Frontal Coast or “headland” is the central component, within which the sand massifs of the Kinburn Peninsula go directly to the coastal zone. Pokrovska spit with the islands of Krugliy and Dovhiy is a relict generation, which is genetically an ancient accumulative form divided into three components. All these components are located on the surface of the base of the ancient coastal form, and their development occurs in conditions of limited supply of beach sediments. The front of the Pokrovsky Peninsula with the Sukha Spit and the Island Bar “Zagreba” is a modern accumulative generation that is actively increasing in size and advancing towards the waters of Tendra Bay.Key words: coastal systems, “winged foreland”, coastal zone, underwater slope, shore, coastal systems, foredunes У береговій зоні Світового океану існують різноманітні берегові системи, серед яких найбільш специфічні «крилаті миси». У межах узбережжя Чорного моря виділяються чотири «крилаті миси»: Тендра–Джарилгач, Кінбурнська–Покровська–Довгий, Бурнаська–Будацька та Лебедина–Устрична. Мета публікації полягає у систематизації та оприлюдненні первинної інформації про морфологічні особливості берегової зони бар’єрної системи типу «крилатий мис» Кінбурнська–Покровська–Довгий, отриманої під час польових досліджень 2018–2021 рр. Загальна довжина дослідженої берегової системи близько 35 км, в її межах закладено 7 репер-них стаціонарних ділянок та проводиться систематична геоморфологічна зйомка на 20 профілях, положення яких зафіксовано за допомогою GPS-приймача. Розроблена система стаціонарних ділянок і геоморфологічних профілів дозволяє надійно проводити довготермінові спостереження в масштабі 1:10000. Відповідні показники дозволяють вважати, що результати проведених досліджень є достовірними.У морфологічному відношенні досліджувана система є «крилатим мисом», в її межах виділяються чотири структурно-морфологічні елементи: Кінбурнська коса, Фронтальний берег, Покровська коса з островами Круглий та Довгий, Фронт Покровського півострова із Сухою косою та острівним баром «Загреба».Кінбурнська коса – це вільна акумулятивна берегова форма, розташована у північно-західній частині Кінбурнського півострова. В морфогенетичному відношенні це стрілка, яка розвивається в умовах двостороннього живлення прибережно-морськими наносами. Фронтальний берег, або «лобище», є центральним складовим елементом, у межах якого безпосередньо до берегової зони виходять піщані масиви Кінбурнського півострова. Покровська коса з островами Круглий та Довгий є реліктовою генерацією, яка в генетичному відношенні є давньою акумулятивною формою, поділеною на три складники. Всі перелічені складники розташовані на поверхні цоколю давньої берегової форми, а їх розвиток відбувається в умовах обмеженого живлення прибережно-морськими наносами. Фронт Покровського півострова із Сухою косою та острівним баром «Загреба» являє собою нову акумулятивну генерацію, яка активно збільшується у розмірах та висувається в бік акваторії заток.Ключові слова: берегові системи, «крилатий мис», підводний схил, берег, підводний вал, авандюна.

Geomorphological Hazard in Active Tectonics Area: Study Cases from Sibillini Mountains Thrust System (Central Apennines)

In many areas of the Umbria-Marche Apennines, evident traces of huge landslides have been recognized; these probably occurred in the Upper Pleistocene and are conditioned by the tectonic-structural setting of the involved Meso-Cenozoic formations, in a sector of the Sibillini Mountains (central Italy). The present work aimed to focus on a geomorphological hazard in the tectonic-structural setting of a complex area that is the basis of several gravitational occurrences in different types and mechanisms, but nonetheless with very considerable extension and total destabilized volume. An aerophoto-geological analysis and geomorphological survey allowed verification of how the main predisposing factor of these phenomena is connected with the presence in depth of an important tectonic-structural element: the plane of the Sibillini Mountains thrust, which brings the pre-evaporitic member of the Laga Formation in contact with the Cretaceous-Eocene limestone lithotypes (from the Maiolica to the Scaglia Rosata Formations) of the Umbria-Marche sedimentary sequence. Another important element for the mass movements activation is the presence of an important and vast water table and related aquifer, confined prevalently by the different structural elements and in particular by the thrust plane, which has acted and has continued to act, weakening the rocky masses and the overlaying terrains.

Geomorphological survey at Padang Candi, Kuantan Singingi Regency, Central Sumatra, Indonesia

Padang Candi site in the Kuantan Singingi Regency of Riau Province, located about 19.3 km southwest of Taluk city, and about 3 km northeast of Lubuk Jambi. In the year 2000s, some archaeological stuff have been found at Padang Candi, among others, various sized of bricks as a raw material for building construction, and some gold plate with scrip. It is presumed those stuffs had a connection with the Sriwijaya Kingdom between AD 800. The goal of the paper is to gain a spectrum of understanding about the assemblages of bricks as a raw material for building construction was found, on three sites that are at Sector-I (sec-I), and the others in small quantities were found at Sector-II (sec-II) and Sector-III (sec-III) on the basis of geomorphological study. This study involves the geomorphological investigation of the area at the scale of 1:2000. In terms of geomorphology, the landscape at Padang Candi consists of two units, namely, the Floodplain Unit formed by Quaternary river alluvium (Qal), and the Low Hilly Unit composed by Tuff Unit as a part of the Miocene Telisa Formation (Tmtu). Sector-I (sec-I) situated on the relatively higher isolated hilly than sec-II and sec-III. The area westward of sec-II might be remains of ancient settlement, and there is trench-like morphology found eastward of sec-I. In the matter of sec-1 which is situated on isolated hilly, evoke a curiosity about the status of building construction at sec-I. The presence of the trench-like morphology also gives arises of curiosity about its function. Those matter should be a consideration by archaeologist when do next excavation and study, including the area which is supposed as an ancient settlement.

Humedales del Parque Nacional Chirripó, Costa Rica: características, relaciones geomorfológicas y escenarios de cambio climático

The geomorphological, climatological and hydrological characteristics of the high Andean wetlands of the Chirripó National Park (PNCh) are analyzed. The PNCh is located in south-central Costa Rica, Central America. This analysis includes a geomorphological survey on a 1: 25 000 scale of the relief forms and processes, particularly those of glacial origin. The National Wetland Inventory carried out by the Wetlands Project (UNDP-SINAC-GEF) was also used, along with different climate change projections corresponding to the scenarios for the 2039-2059 and 2079-2099 horizons. The main objective is to characterize the current state of these ecosystems, to explain how and why they are formed, as well as to assess the possible implications in the hydrological cycle and the water supply of these wetlands due to future climate variations. The results showed the relevance of these natural reservoirs in maintaining the ecological dynamics of the PNCh. We also studied the services of water provision and regulation of the hydrological cycle in the basins that compose this protected area.

COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF KAVOURI BAY, ATTICA, GREECE

The discovery of a paved Hellenistic road, which was ended at the shoreline of the Megalo Kavouri bay in Attica, Greece, led the archaeologists to hypothesize that an ancient harbour would be located somewhere at the adjacent submarine area. For the identification of the position of this harbour, a joint submarine and littoral geomorphological survey was carried out. The oceanographic mission was conducted in order to map the underwater landforms. A variety of geomorphological characteristics, types of substrate and habitats (i.e., rocky outcrops, boulder or gravel accumulations etc.) and anthropogenic objects (i.e., debris of recent construction material) were identified in the shallow water seabed of the Kavouri Bay. The littoral geomorphological survey was carried out to determine the natural processes affecting the continental part of the area and map the coastal landscape features. Data derived by both submarine and littoral geomorphological investigations indicate that the most probable location of the harbour could be situated in the southern part of the study area.

Γεωμορφολογικά και μορφοτεκτονικά χαρακτηριστικά των αλλουβιακών ριπιδίων του βόρειου τμήματος της λεκάνης του Αγγίτη ποταμού

The catchment area of Aggitis River, which forms a part of the wider catchment area of the Strymon River, constitutes a tectonic graben. In the north of the graben, landforms of complex alluvial fans (bajadas) are found. In the present study, the impact of tectonics on the deposition process and on the geomorphological relief of the northern basin of Aggitis. For this purpose, a quantitative analysis of morphological characteristics of the alluvial fans is carried out. Moreover, the geologic and stratigraphic characteristics of the fans were studied and components of the tectonic movements that took place in the study area identified. Through the geomorphological survey an uplift of 24m with a twisting towards the northeast for the Menikio Mountain was determined that took place in the Upper Pleistocene. While, for the Falakro Mountain, an uplift movement and a minimum torsion of approximately 9m towards the S – SE was calculated. The mountains at the East and at the West of Aggitis River were uplifted with different rates. This result is in agreement with the argument for the existence of a tectonic system of horsts and grabens that formed the Aggitis River basin and influenced its later development.