Biological remediation of roadside areas

During the construction of highways, significant damage is caused to the environment: the soil cover is degraded, vegetation cover and the natural landscape are destroyed. The issue of minimizing the negative impact of this direction on the environment was not given enough attention. Therefore, one of the main issues of environmental protection is the timely implementation of works on reclamation of disturbed lands. Land areas of temporary allotment for road construction that are subjected to mechanical impact after the stage of technical reclamation are subject to biological reclamation, which is aimed at landscaping the roadside area. To achieve these goals, we used the method of developing measures for the reclamation of disturbed land during the construction of the highway. Activities on biological remediation can be performed as a result of: the serial complexity of the species composition of plant communities, which has long co-exist with man-made recultivated territories; the launch of the rehabilitation process which can be carried out simultaneously in a multispecies complex of phytocenosis, suggesting further its sustainable functioning. As a result of biological reclamation measures, using crops that are resistant to pollutants and meliorants, it is possible to gradually reduce the content of pollutants in the soil due to natural self-cleaning processes as a result of removal of elements by plants and their leaching outside the root layer of the soil.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CARRIAGEWAY OPERATIONAL CONDITION INFLUENCE ON ACOUSTIC ROADSIDE AREA POLLUTION

Environmental noise management is an important part of the policy across the EU policy context, because transportation noise is a significant local environmental problem for most of the urban population. Increasing numbers of vehicles are associated with growing noise levels from road transport in urban areas and rising public health problems. Motor transport is considered to be a main source of noise pollution, so it is important to investigate the level of traffic noise and assess the relationship with traffic flows. The paper describes the main methods for determination of noise characteristics of traffic flows. The dependences for the prediction of the equivalent noise level and the results of field measurements of sound levels are presented. The results of field experiments and the calculated values of sound levels obtained by the analytical method are tested for homogeneity, using the Wilcoxon test. Experimental studies have established that the external sound level depends largely on the speed of vehicles, road conditions, and basic operating characteristics of highways. The analytical method associated with the use of deterministic and probabilistic models makes it possible to predict the traffic noise. But when dealing with the foregoing methods, there arise specific problems, many of which have not been resolved: there is no uniform terminology, nor is there any consensus on the use of noise characteristics of traffic flows in calculations at different stages of construction and reconstruction of highways of a certain traffic flow model under conditions of human settlements. Standardized measurement methods have been established and revised throughout the years by many renowned researchers. These methodologies have been revised in order to minimize problems that may occur and may not be foreseen by a less experienced researcher when adopting the measurement methods. Standardizing the measurement method is also useful for researchers because it becomes possible for researchers from around the world to compare their data. The joint effect of road conditions and the operational status of the roadway on the acoustic pollution of the roadside area is not fully taken into account. Therefore, applying the internationally recognized acoustical measurement standards is a good way to start any noise measurement experiment. The purpose of experimental research is to investigate the joint effect of road conditions and the operational status of the roadway on the acoustic pollution of the roadside area of settlements: identify the main characteristics of noise produced by traffic flows, consider the comparability of results of the field experiment and analytical computations. Slopes of 20…40‰ have little impact on the noise caused by the movement of passenger cars and trucks. In this case, the average acoustic emissions are identical to those used in the prediction of noise mode.

Justification of Measures to Reduce the Health Risk from Air Pollution by Suspended Particles Less than Ten Micrometers (PM10) on the Urban Road Network

A method for assessing the risk of air pollution by suspended particles smaller than ten micrometers (PM10) on the street road network (SRN) of the large city is presented. It includes an assessment of the intensity of the release and distribution in air of PM10, the sources of which are exhaust gases from vehicles with diesel engines, tire wear, and road surface wear. An assessment is made of the chronic and carcinogenic risk to public health from exposure to PM10 in the air in a roadside area. Substantiated measures to reduce the risk to public health from PM10 air pollution in the SRN.

Microplastic Pollution in the Ambient Air of Surabaya, Indonesia

Microplastics are plastic particles less than 5 mm in length. Microplastics in the air can be ingested and inhaled by humans. In this work, three sites in a roadside area were investigated for microplastics. Air samples were obtained by sucking air at these three sites into a stainless steel funnel with a vacuum pump. The air went through a filter media to retain any particles, which were then collected and observed with a digital microscope and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) testing. A diversity of microplastic shapes were identified at the sites, including fibres, fragments and films. Pellets were not found at any sites, and fibre was the dominant microplastic shape. The highest microplastic was found in the study site with high traffic volume than at sites with low traffic volume. Microplastic on Urip Sumoharjo street (225,087 units/day) as many as 174.97 particles/m3 and 130.50 particles/m3, Mayjend Sungkono street (132,066 units/day) as many as 131.75 particles/m3 and 68.36 particles/m3, and Embong Malang street (98,017 units/day) as much 94.69 particles/m3 and 55.93 particles/m3. Microplastics from different polymers, such as polyethene terephthalate (PET), polyester and cellophane, were identified. Thus, dust emissions and depositions in the air, on land surfaces, and in aquatic environments are associated with microplastic transportation.

the Concept of the Street Vendors’ Management in the Border Area

This study aims to determine how the concept of street vendors in Bengkayang Regency, so as to improve the image of the region. The research method uses descriptive qualitative methods. Research location in Bengkayang Regency. The object of this study is the street vendors, which is one of the jobs using the roadside area to sell, as well as the street vendors in Bengkayang Regency. Initially, the street vendors sell at night in the terminal area, but because the terminal will build a shop, the street vendors moved to the Dekranasda area. In these areas it was felt rather quiet of the buyer, so the street vendors moved to sell at the edge of the roadside shophouse that was closed. Thus actually disturbing the view of Bengkayang Regency city planning. But it cannot blame these street vendors either, because it is their livelihood and indirectly adds to regional income. The results of this study are a form of business facilities that harmonious and memorable transparent street vendors so as not to interfere with the visual aesthetics of the corridors on the road, so as to make the road neat and attractive.

Endophytic fungi and latent pathogens in the sedge Carex secalina (Cyperaceae), a critically endangered species in Europe

Endophytic fungi are widespread in plants and affect the host fitness and population size. We found 12 fungal taxa in C. secalina, a critically endangered species in several European countries, at two study sites in Poland. The most frequently occurring fungal taxa were Colletotrichum destructivum and Acremonium sp. Both taxa were found in half of the examined tussocks. The highest number of fungal taxa was noted in the C. secalina plants growing in the roadside area, where 7 of the 12 identified fungal taxa occurred. These fungi, inhabiting leaf tissues, are known for their pathogenicity but no visible symptoms of any diseases were observed on C. secalina leaves. This suggests that these fungi are latent pathogens.

Ecological – hygienic soil assessment of the federal highway roadside areas

Over a half (about 54 %) of all types of anthropogenic pollution belongs to transport. Soils at roadside areas experience active pollution with heavy metals, which are the most hazardous contaminants penetrating into the soil with the exhaust gases due to the increased traffic intensity of vehicles. Hygienic assessment of heavy metals content in the roadside area soils of the Federal highway “R-22” with a total length of 798 km has been carried out in this research. The results based on soil sampling at 11 points along the entire length of the highway at the distance of 20 and 50 m from the roadbed have been assessed. Soil sampling was done in compliance with the State Standard of GOST 17.4.4.02-2017 by the envelope method from the soil horizon at the depth of 0-20 cm. HM content in soil samples was determined by the X-ray fluorescence method applying spectrometer “Spectroscan MAX-G” in compliance with the Environmental State Standards PND F 16.1.42-04. The greatest HM content was detected in the roadside area located on the black soils of spodzol, typical, southern, dark chestnut and chestnut saline soils. It testifies of the considerable soil contamination by the passing vehicles and of a real ecological harm to public health and environment. In order to reveal harmful contaminants for the population living at the roadside areas, it is recommended to organize sanitary and hygienic monitoring of soil, surface and groundwater of the roadside areas which are subject to constant HM exposure and accumulation exceeding maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and approximate permissible amounts (APA) set by sanitary and hygienic standards.