Lateral Patellar Inclination Angle Measured via a Two-Image Technique on Axial Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Lateral patellar inclination (LPI) measures patellar tilt and is historically described on axial X-ray or a single magnetic resonance image (MRI). Given the variability in patellar height, LPI may be better represented by performing this measurement on two separate axial MRI images. We hypothesized that a two-image LPI measurement would be different from the current single-image LPI and have similar, if not superior reliability. Sixty-five patients treated for patellar instability (PI) between 2014 and 2017 were identified. Single image and two-image LPI were measured on axial MRI images. All measurements were performed by two independent observers. Reliability analysis was based on three observers' measurements of 30 randomly selected patients. Both the one image and two image LPI showed good inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.71 and 0.89, respectively), although the two image LPI had less variability. Both single image and two image LPI had near perfect intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.98 and 0.98, respectively). Average single image LPI (14.6 ± 9.9 degrees) was 6.1 ± 3.4 degrees less than the average two image LPI (19.6 ± 9.4 degrees) (p = 0.037). Referencing a previously described 13.5 degrees maximum threshold, 54% of the patients had excessive patellar tilt based on single image LPI, while 73% had pathologic patellar tilt based on two image LPI. Two image LPI has similar reliability with less inter-rater variability compared with the historical single image LPI measurement. Significantly greater patellar tilt was identified with two image LPI that was found with single image LPI. A larger percentage of patients were classified as having pathologic patellar tilt based on two image LPI than single image LPI. The two image LPI provides more consistent and representative measurements of patellar tilt. Previously described threshold values for patellar tilt should be re-examined using this new measurement technique to appropriately risk stratify patients with PI and patellofemoral pain.

Indonesian language teaching in elementary school

In learning activities, there is often a learning saturation that arises from students. This can be triggered by various things. Therefore, as a researcher, he took the initiative to apply modeling in learning, especially in language learning. Thus, the purpose of this research is the application of an explicit type of cooperative learning model instructions chronological technique of events in writing narratives from interview texts. This research is applied or piloted to students consisting of several schools in Indonesia as well as the object of research. The research instrument is the researcher himself as the key/main instrument. In addition, the researcher was also assisted by several other teams of research students and teachers from local schools. Based on the results of research through testing the model, it is categorized that there is a significant increase in learning. It can be seen that the average score of students reaches 85% of the maximum threshold of 90%. Thus, it can be concluded that the application of the model is considered successful and can be applied in various schools in the world.

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer-reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Double-blind with the opportunity to resubmit after revisions • Conference submission management system: Microsoft’s Conference Management Toolkit (Microsoft CMT). The submission url is https://cmt3.research.microsoft.com/User/Login?ReturnUrl=%2FICSAE2021 • Number of submissions received: 224 • Number of submissions sent for review: 198 • Number of submissions accepted: 148 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted/Number of Submissions Received X 100): 66.07% • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 • Total number of reviewers involved: 18 • Any additional info on the review process: all papers were checked for its similarity using Turnitin, and 25% similar was set as maximum threshold. • Contact person for queries: Name: Prof. Sri Hartati Affiliation: Research and Development Center for Biotechnology and Biodiversity (P3BB) Universitas Sebelas Maret Email: [email protected]

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer-reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Double-blind with the opportunity to resubmit after revisions • Conference submission management system: papers were submitted via EasyChair (https://easychair.org/my/conference?conf=iclite1#) • Number of submissions received: 78 • Number of submissions sent for review: 73 • Number of submissions accepted: 60 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted/Number of Submissions Received X 100): 79.92% • Average number of reviews per paper: 8.1 • Total number of reviewers involved: 9 • Any additional info on the review process: Turnitin was employed to check the plagiarism of all submitted papers. The maximum threshold of similarity allowed is 25%. • Contact person for queries: Name: Ahmad Masykur Affiliation: Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret Indonesia. Email: [email protected]

The Resident Subsidy Impact on Regional Air Carrier Route Development: A Case Study

Subsidizing air mobility for Canary Island residents may have an unforeseen impact on regional air carrier route development and this could exacerbate congestion in airports that operate near to their maximum threshold. Reginal routes often require the use of small aircraft such as those from the ATR (Avions de Transport Régional) family. These aircraft types have [some specific characteristics related to its time performance. If airports manage a large proportion of ATR aircrafts, one of their main activities, such as landing and taking off operations (LTO), may become congested, and affect airport capacity. Air carrier economies might be negatively affected because of delays in airport operations. For instance, air carriers’ fuel costs might rise due to aircraft’s increased LTO time. This paper seeks to analyze the impact of regional aviation route development for the Canary airport network; specifically, the effect that it has on airport capacity and air carrier economies.

Active Queue Management in RED Considering Critical Point on Target Queue

The basic philosophy behind RED is to prevent congestion. When the average queue length exceeds the minimum threshold, packets are randomly dropped, or the explicit congestion notification bit is marked. Since network requirements differ significantly, it is not an optimal approach to establish RED parameters with constant value. There is a new algorithm we are proposing called Critical Point on Target Queue (AQM-RED-CPTQ), provide greater congestion management over the network while also preserving the value of RED. To overcome the problem in RED without changing queue weight parameter, we have proposed few models to control the congestion by introducing range parameter with probability and control mechanism which will belong between minimum and maximum threshold. The current queue size is controlled together with average queue size. A new range variable has been introduced to improve the performance of priority queue of existing RED based algorithm which improves the overall performance of networks. For each packet, minimum and maximum threshold has been updated and dropped with probability (Pa) for a special condition. Instead of multiplicative increase and decrease the maximum probability, the scheme uses additive-increase and multiplicative-decrease. Once the AVG queue length is close to the minimum threshold value, our approach automatically sets queue parameter according to queue conditions and handles queuing delay and improve throughput. The simulated results proof that our approaches are better than RED in terms of throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio and goodput.

Optimizing the Frequency Capping: A Robust and Reliable Methodology to Define the Number of Ads to Maximize ROAS

The goal of digital marketing is to connect advertisers with users that are interested in their products. This means serving ads to users, and it could lead to a user receiving hundreds of impressions of the same ad. Consequently, advertisers can define a maximum threshold to the number of impressions a user can receive, referred to as Frequency Cap. However, low frequency caps mean many users are not engaging with the advertiser. By contrast, with high frequency caps, users may receive many ads leading to annoyance and wasting budget. We build a robust and reliable methodology to define the number of ads that should be delivered to different users to maximize the ROAS and reduce the possibility that users get annoyed with the ads’ brand. The methodology uses a novel technique to find the optimal frequency capping based on the number of non-clicked impressions rather than the traditional number of received impressions. This methodology is validated using simulations and large-scale datasets obtained from real ad campaigns data. To sum up, our work proves that it is feasible to address the frequency capping optimization as a business problem, and we provide a framework that can be used to configure efficient frequency capping values.

A meta-analysis on the nutritional value of insects in aquafeeds

A major challenge for development of sustainable aquafeeds is its dependence on fish meal and fish oil. Similarly, it is unwanted to include more plant ingredients which adds more pressure on resources like arable land, freshwater and fertilisers. New ingredients that do not require these resources but rather refine and valorise organic side streams, like insects, are being developed. Increasing evidence indicates that using insect ingredients in aquafeeds are a sustainable alternative and considerable progress has been made on this topic in the past years. The aim of this chapter is to present a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the data available on the impact of insects in aquafeeds. Systematic search, collection and selection of relevant literature from databases such as Web of Science and NCBI was performed. The literature search enabled 91 scientific papers from peer-reviewed journals, comprising a dataset of 415 experimental diets, including 35 different aquatic species and 14 insect species to be included in this meta-analysis, covering what we consider a close to complete representation of credible publications on this topic. Information on aquatic species, insect species, dietary composition (amino acids, fatty acids, proximate composition) and performance outputs (growth performance indicators and nutrient digestibility) were included in the construction of the dataset. Regression models and principal component analyses were performed on the meta-data. The results from the meta-analysis revealed a great degree of variation in the maximum threshold for insect inclusion in aquafeeds (from 4 to 37%) based on subgroups of trophic level of aquatic species, insect species used, statistical method and the output parameter. Overall, a maximum threshold of 25-30% inclusion of insects in aquafeeds for uncompromised performance is suggested. Reduction in protein digestibility, imbalanced amino acid profile and increasing levels of saturated fatty acid were identified as major factors limiting higher inclusion of insects in aquafeeds.

The impact of early phase price agreements on prices of orphan drugs

Background Innovative orphan drugs often have an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) which is higher than the maximum threshold for reimbursement. Payers have limited budgets and often cannot pay the full price of a new product, but pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies require a minimum price to satisfy their investors. The objective of this study was to present a possible solution to bridge this pricing gap by having early phase price agreements, which reduce the risk for investors. Methods We used a Pricing Model, which determines the minimum (break-even) price of an innovative drug from an investor’s perspective. This model is based on economic valuation theory, which uses the expected free cash flows and the required cost of capital. We selected two orphan drugs with a positive clinical assessment and an ICER higsher than the Dutch maximum threshold of €80,000 per QALY gained to use as examples in the model: Spinraza for spinal muscular atrophy and Orkambi for cystic fibrosis. RESULTS: The results show that early pricing agreements before phase III trials can substantially lower the drug price resulting from a lower cost of capital. The minimum price for orphan drugs can be reduced by 27.4%, when cost of capital decreases from 12 to 9%. An additional adjustment of other critical parameters due to early pricing agreements (lower probabilities of phase III failure and lower research and development (R&D) costs) can further reduce the minimal price by 62.8%. Conclusion This study shows that earlier timing of price negotiations resulting in an agreement on drug price can substantially lower the minimal price of orphan drugs for the investor.

Impaired Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Naturally Contaminated with Moderate Levels of Deoxynivalenol

Mycotoxin exposure is common in the poultry industry. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is usually detected at levels below the maximum threshold (5000 ppb), but depending on diet and age, broiler performance can be affected. We evaluated the effects of 900 ppb and 2300 ppb DON on the performance, intestinal morphometry, and lesion scores of broiler chickens. One-day-old male Ross broilers (n = 736) were divided into 4 treatments with 8 replicates each, and a pen containing 23 birds was the experimental unit. The animals were fed diets naturally contaminated with two levels of DON: 900 (Low DON—LD) or 2300 (Moderate DON—MD) ppb, with or without activated charcoal, over 28 days. After this, all birds were fed a marginally DON-contaminated diet without charcoal. During the first 28 days, body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly impaired when broilers were fed a MD diet without activated charcoal. Even after feeding a marginally contaminated diet from D28–35, birds previously fed the MD diet presented a significantly lower performance. The villus height:crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio was significantly higher in the ileum from 14-day-old broilers fed the MD when compared with the LD diet. At D28, the MD diet caused decreased villus height (VH) and increased crypt depth (CD), affecting VH:CD ratio in both intestinal segments, with higher levels in the jejunum from 28-day-old broilers fed a non-supplemented LD diet. Broiler production was negatively affected by DON, even at moderate levels (2300 ppb).