Profiles in workplace giving: a cluster analysis of ‘types’ of givers within a public university

This study examines public employees’ donations to a workplace giving campaign at a large public university in the south-east of the United States. First, we employed logistic regression to predict the likelihood of donating through workplace giving programmes using a sample of employees at a large public university (N = 11,726). Second, we estimated an ordinary least squares regression to identify the significant predictors of donation value with a subsample of employee donors (n=1,832). Third, we developed donor profiles (for example, clusters) of employee benefactors using K-medoids clustering. Factors such as sex, age, education and salary were significant predictors of both being a donor and the donation amount. Additionally, employment duration was significantly related to being a donor and the donation amount, while job classification only predicted being a donor. Employee donors fell into five distinct clusters. These findings contribute to our knowledge of workplace giving campaigns and can be used to develop strategic marketing campaigns.

Estimated Loss of Lifetime Employment Duration for Patients Undergoing Maintenance Dialysis in Taiwan

Background and objectivesAn accurate estimate of the loss of lifetime employment duration resulting from kidney failure can facilitate comprehensive evaluation of societal financial burdens.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsAll patients undergoing incident dialysis in Taiwan during 2000–2017 were identified using the National Health Insurance Research Database. The corresponding age-, sex-, and calendar year-matched general population served as the referents. The survival functions and the employment states of the index cohort (patients on dialysis) and their referents for each age strata were first calculated, and then extrapolated until age 65 years, where the sum of the product of the survival function and the employment states was the lifetime employment duration. The difference in lifetime employment duration between the index and referent cohort was the loss of lifetime employment duration. Extrapolation of survival function and relative employment-to-population ratios were estimated by the restricted cubic spline models and the quadratic/linear models, respectively.ResultsA total of 83,358 patients with kidney failure were identified. Men had a higher rate of employment than women in each age strata. The expected loss of lifetime employment duration for men with kidney failure was 11.8, 7.6, 5.7, 3.8, 2.3, 1.0, and 0.2 years for those aged 25–34, 35–40, 41–45, 46–50, 51–55, 56–60, and 61–64 years, respectively; and the corresponding data for women was 10.5, 10.1, 7.9, 5.6, 3.3, 1.5, and 0.3 years, respectively. The values for loss of lifetime employment duration divided by loss of life expectancy were all >70% for women and >88% for men across the different age strata. The sensitivity analyses indicated that the results were robust.ConclusionsThe loss of lifetime employment duration in patients undergoing dialysis mainly originates from loss of life expectancy.

Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults with diabetes mellitus in northern Sudan: a cross-sectional study

Background Hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM), are highly prevalent worldwide health non-communicable diseases, and are associated with chronic complications. The co-existence of both conditions accelerates the related complications and increases morbidities and mortalities. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Nahr an Nil State (River Nile State) in Sudan between May and August 2018 to identify the prevalence of hypertension and risk factors among patients with DM in that region. Results The median (interquartile) age of the 1,973 enrolled patients was 58.0 (50.0‒65.0) years, and 818 (45.6%) were males. The median (interquartile) duration of diabetes was 5.0 (3.0‒9.0) years. Of the 1,973 enrolled participants, 21.7%, 1.3%, 37.1%, and 39.9% were normal weight, underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively. Of 1,973 854 (47.6%) patients also had hypertension. Logistic regression analyses showed that elderly patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.03, 95%; confidence interval [CI] = 1.02‒1.04), males (AOR = 2.96, 95%; CI = 2.15‒4.07), employed patients (AOR = 1.92, 95%; CI = 1.38‒2.70), obese patients (AOR = 1.59, 95%; CI = 1.21‒2.08), and patients with diabetic foot (DF) (AOR = 2.45, 95%; CI = 1.72‒3.47) were at higher risk for hypertension. Conversely, patients with Type 2 DM (T2DM) (AOR = 0.63, 95%; CI = 0.50‒0.80) were at lower risk for hypertension. There was no significant association between overweight, uncontrolled DM, and hypertension. Conclusion This study showed a high prevalence of hypertension among patients with DM. Notably, older age, male gender, employment, duration of DM, DF, underweight, and obesity were significant predictors of hypertension among patients with DM.

How kinship resources alleviate structural disadvantage: self-employment duration among refugees and labor migrants

Purpose Economic integration of refugees remains a challenge for developed countries. Although refugees differ greatly from labor migrants in available resources and motivation toward self-employment, prevailing studies on minority and ethnic entrepreneurship tend to lump these different categories of migrants together. Based on theories of migrants’ economic embeddedness, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the extent to which family- and kinship-based resources affect self-employment duration among refugees and labor migrants. Design/methodology/approach Based on Cox regression models, this longitudinal study estimates the self-employment duration of 10,519 refugees and 2,503 labor migrants starting businesses in Sweden in the period 2006–2012. Findings Results reveal that while refugees are at a disadvantage to labor migrants in terms of self-employment duration, their higher level of family embeddedness in part helps them overcome these disadvantages. For refugees but not for labor migrants, co-location in an ethnic enclave also lowers the risk of them becoming unemployed after a spell in entrepreneurship. Originality/value This original paper provides empirical and theoretical contributions to research on migrants’ self-employment success. It also discusses contributions for research on entrepreneurs’ social embeddedness and refugees’ entrepreneurship.

The Compliance of Hospital Nurse in the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection in Surabaya, Indonesia

Background: Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) is one of the most common infections in the hospital. In order to prevent and control CAUTI incidence, nurses are required to implement bundles of prevention. However, the lack of nurses’ compliance behavior in implementing the CAUTI bundle prevention was found. Objective: This study analyzes the nurse’s compliance behavior in implementing CAUTI prevention using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. Methods: This study was an analytical descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Nurses who work in ICU, ICCU, HCU, and in-patient unit of the hospital were set as study population and taken as samples using simple random sampling. Background factors (age, education, knowledge, employment duration, career levels), attitudes, subjective norms, Perceived Behavior Control (PBC), and intention were determined as independent variables. In contrast, nurses’ compliance behavior in CAUTI prevention bundle implementation was determined as the dependent variable. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression with a significance level of α < 0.05. Results: Among 111 nurses, most of them are in the age of 26-45 years (80.1%), has worked as a nurse for 8-13 years (29.7%), reach career level at Clinical Nurse 3 (51.4%), and have good knowledge about CAUTI prevention bundle (83.8%). The employment duration and career levels are background factors that correlate the most to the TPB factors. The nurses’ compliance behavior is influenced by attitude, subjective norm, PBC, and intention (P Value= 0.000). Multivariate analysis shows that intention is associated with nurses’ compliance behavior and increases nurses’ commitment to implement CAUTI prevention bundle (P Value= 0.033, OR= 6.46). Conclusion: The intention simultaneously influences the nurses’ compliance behavior.

Occupational burnout, job satisfaction and anxiety among emergency medicine doctors in Turkey

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate possible differences in the levels of anxiety, burnout and job satisfaction among emergency medicine doctors based on their age, gender, employment duration, job title and institution. Methods: General practitioners, residents, specialists and faculty members working in emergency departments (ED) in Turkey were invited to participate in this questionnaire-based study through an e-mail link between September 2018 and January 2019. A total of 141 doctors from different cities of Turkey who completely filled the questionnaire with their own will were recruited for the study. The Maslach Burnout Inventory(MBI) was used to measure occupational burnout levels, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) to measure anxiety levels and the Short Form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (SFMSQ) to measure job satisfaction levels of doctors working in EDs. In assessing MBI; Emotional Exhaustion score(EE) is considered low for 0-11 points, moderate for 12-17 points and high >17 points; Depersonalization score is considered low for 0-5 points, moderate for 6-9 points and high ≥ 10 points; , Feeling of low personal accomplishment(PA) is considered low for 0-21 points, moderate for 22-25 points and high ≥ 26 points. In Assessing STAI; 20-49 points were considered low/ moderate anxiety and 50-80 points considered high/ very high anxiety. In assessing SFMSQ neutral job satisfaction point was reported 3; so individuals are considered extremely dissatisfied/ not satisfied (low) if job satisfaction point <3 and very/ extremely satisfied (high) if job satisfaction point >3. Results: The mean age of the study group was 33.3 (±7.3) and mean employment duration was 8.37 (±6.89). In the overall study population, the emotional exhaustion(EE) was high while depersonalization(DP) and reduction of personal accomplishment(PA) were detected at medium level in the evaluation of MBI subscales. In evaluating overall study population for STAI, state and trait anxiety scores both showed the presence of mild to moderate anxiety. The overall study population evaluation results for SFMSQ were, high levels of general and intrinsic job satisfaction and low levels of extrinsic job satisfaction was measured. Younger the age and shorter the duration of employment is found to be associated with a significant increase in EE and DP and a significant decrease in PA. Conclusion: In this study, scale results showed that doctors working in EDs had high levels of occupational burnout and anxiety, while job satisfaction levels were low. In addition, a significant relationship was found between the decrease in “age and employment duration” and the increase in “depersonalization”. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3363 How to cite this:Sonmez LO, Gul M. Occupational burnout, job satisfaction and anxiety among emergency medicine doctors in Turkey. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3363 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.