Aerosol models from the AERONET data base. Application to surface reflectance validation

Aerosols play a critical role in radiative transfer within the atmosphere, and they have a significant impact on climate change. As part of the validation of atmospheric correction of remote sensing data affected by the atmosphere, it is critical to utilize appropriate aerosol models as aerosols are a main source of error. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a framework for building and identifying an aerosol model. For this purpose, we define the aerosol model by recalculating the aerosol microphysical properties (Cvf, Cvc, %Cvf, %Cvc, rvf, rvc, σr, σc, nr440, nr650, nr850, nr1020, ni440, ni650, ni850, ni1020, %Sph) based on the optical thickness at 440 nm τ440 and the Ångström coefficient α440–870 obtained from numerous AERosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sites. Using aerosol microphysical properties provided by the AERONET dataset, we were able to evaluate our own retrieved microphysical properties. The associated uncertainties are up to 23 %, except for the challenging, imaginary part of the refractive index ni (about 38 %). Uncertainties of the retrieved aerosol microphysical properties were incorporated in the framework for validating surface reflectance derived from space-borne Earth observation sensors. Results indicate that the impact of aerosol microphysical properties varies 3.5 × 10−5 to 10−3 in reflectance units. Finally, the uncertainties of the microphysical properties yielded an overall uncertainty of approximately of 1 to 3 % of the retrieved surface reflectance in the MODIS red spectral band (620–670 nm), which corresponds to the specification used for atmospheric correction.

A Literature Review on Agriculture

This paper focuses primarily on the design and application of a new topology in the view of agriculture in modern world. This system presents a web base application to provide assistance and door service to farmers. The goal of the system is to develop and incorporate a system that takes order from remote farmers in terms of soil sample, fertilizer, seeds, crops and provide them door service. The system also has an inbuilt payment gateway to provide hassle-free online payment option

BLACK TILAPIA FISH (Oreochromis niloticus) SKIN EXTRACT INDUCE WOUND HEALING ON Rattus norvegicus

Objective: The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of black tilapia sh/BTF (Oreochromis niloticus) skin extract cream application on wound healing by assessing its effect on wound contraction, epithelial thickness, and collagenization rate. T Method: rue experiment using 36 Rattus norvegicus as research object, wounded with punch biopsy sized 8 mm on right side of the back. Research objects were divided into 6 groups (X0: no treatment; X1: cream base application on wound; X2: application of gentamicin cream; X3: application of BTF extract cream 10%; X4: application of BTF extract cream 20%; X5: application of BTF extract cream 30%. Wound contraction was evaluated on day 3, 6, 9, and 11. Tissue sample was biopsied and examined on day 11 to evaluate epithelial thickness (HE) and collagenization (mallory). Application of Result: BTF skin extract cream showed an effect on wound contraction, epithelial thickness, and collagenization rate of new wound, the higher the concentration of BTF cream given, the better the result was. BTF skin extrac Conclusion: t cream can be a new hope and alternative therapy in wound treatment.

An Appraisal of Calcium Cyanamide as Alternative N Source for Spring-Summer and Fall Season Curly Endive Crops: Effects on Crop Performance, NUE and Functional Quality Components

A two-year study was conducted in both spring-summer and fall seasons to evaluate calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) as an alternative nitrogen (N) source for curly endive (Cichorium endivia L. var. crispum) grown in a Mediterranean environment. Four types of N applications were administered: (i) pre-transplanting base application of 100 kg N ha−1 corresponding to 100% of the supplied N (100CC), (ii) pre-transplanting base application of 50 kg N ha−1 corresponding to 50% of the supplied N (50CC) complemented with 50 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate (50AN) supplied through fertigation, (iii) standard application of 100 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate (100AN) supplied entirely through fertigation, and (iv) a N-deprived control (0 kg N ha−1) used as base reference to calculate the N use efficiency indices (NUE). Fall season increased head fresh weight, head height, stem diameter and plant visual quality, compared with the spring-summer season. The CaCN2 and standard fertigation N applications were equally effective in increasing head fresh weight and other physical parameters such as, head height, stem diameter, visual quality, number of leaves and head dry matter when compared to the unfertilized control. However, in spring-summer season, CaCN2, especially when applied straight at 100 kg N ha−1, effectively increased ascorbic acid and total phenolic content, whereas, in fall season, an increase in TSS and ascorbic acid was recorded. In both, spring-summer and fall seasons, CaCN2 significantly decreased N content and nitrogen accumulation (Nacc). Furthermore, CaCN2 pre-transplant application improved NUE indices both in terms of N fertilizer recovery efficiency and in terms of physiological efficiency of applied N. Our results finally demonstrated that NUE indices increased in the fall season as compared to the spring-summer season.

A Web Application Exhibiting Parking Guidance using Smart Sensor Networks

Smart parking is the digital approach to the modern-day parking problems. This project presents a new approach to the parking problems in our country in which we use ultrasonic sensors to detect the unoccupied places inside the parking area. This data is frequently captured and updated onto a real time cloud database. From that database we fetch the details of the parking area and present it to the end customer in the form of a web base application. This application will show the end customer where are the unoccupied slots are located and the path to that unoccupied space is presented onto the User Interface so that the user can park his car in a very limited amount of time.

Exploring Homogeneous Conditions for Mild Buchwald-Hartwig Amination in Batch and Flow

We describe the use of high throughput experimentation to identify a number of conditions that enable Buchwald-Hartwig reactions to be carried out using readily available ligands (e.g. XantPhos) with DBU as a soluble, functional group tolerant, homogeneous base. Application of this system to diverse aminations in batch and flow are demonstrated, as is the translation of this technique to performing continuous Mizoroki-Heck and Sonogashira coupling reac-tions.

Exploring Homogeneous Conditions for Mild Buchwald-Hartwig Amination in Batch and Flow

We describe the use of high throughput experimentation to identify a number of conditions that enable Buchwald-Hartwig reactions to be carried out using readily available ligands (e.g. XantPhos) with DBU as a soluble, functional group tolerant, homogeneous base. Application of this system to diverse aminations in batch and flow are demonstrated, as is the translation of this technique to performing continuous Mizoroki-Heck and Sonogashira coupling reac-tions.