213Traditional Japanese Diet Score and healthy life expectancy - a longitudinal global study

Background Traditional Japanese diets are considered to be health and longevity. We created a Traditional Japanese Diet Score (TJDS) and investigated the relationship between the TJDS and healthy life expectancy (HALE) longitudinally using global database. Methods Average food (g/day/capita) and energy supply (kcal/day/capita) by countries were identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division database. The sum of characterizing traditional Japanese foods supply (beneficial food components in Japanese diet; rice, fish, soybeans, vegetables, eggs, seaweeds, food components not use so much in Japanese diet; wheat, milk, and red meat) were divided as tertile (beneficial food components;-1, 0, 1, not use so much food components; 1, 0, -1). HALE values by country were derived from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database. The longitudinal effects of TJDS on the rate of change in HALE from 1990 to 2013 were evaluated using a generalized mixed-effect model (GLMM), which takes into account the dependence of repeated observations within countries. The interaction between TJDS and survey year was applied to access the effects on HALE. This study covered 137 countries with populations of 1 million or greater. Results Longitudinal analysis controlled for covariates showed that smooth term of the interaction between TJDS and survey year was significant (p < 0.001). The TJDS was negative associated with HALE in 1990, and in 1991, but positive associated after 2002. Conclusions The relationship between the TJDS as a healthy eating style and HALE is getting stronger since the 21st century. Key messages Well-balanced eating habits of traditional Japanese diets is supports healthy life expectancy.

64Traditional Japanese Diet Score and cancer incidence and mortality - a 23-year longitudinal global study

Background Traditional Japanese diets are considered to be one cause of Japanese health and longevity. We created a Traditional Japanese Diet Score (TJDS) and investigated the relationship between the TJDS and cancer during more than 20 years using global database. Methods Total cancer incidence and mortality by country were identified from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database. Average food supply (g/day/capita) and energy supply (kcal/day/capita) by country were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations database. The TJDS by country was calculated from nine food groups, the higher scores mean the more adherence to traditional Japanese diet. That is beneficial food groups (rice, fish, soybeans, vegetables, eggs, seaweed) gave positive points to high supply amount, and food groups not commonly used in the Japanese diet (wheat, milk, and red meat) gave minus points to high supply amount. The longitudinal associations between the TJDS and cancer incidence and mortality controlled for covariates were examined during 23 years from 1990 to 2013. The country covered by this study was 139 countries with populations of 1 million or greater. Results The TJDS was negatively associated with cancer incidence and mortality longitudinally in a linear mixed-effect model controlled for covariates. Conclusions These results suggest that greater adherence with the TJDS supressed cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Key messages Well-balanced eating habits like traditional Japanese diets is important for suppressing cancer.

The Japanese Diet: Parliamentary Groups and Lawmaking

By exploring specific incidents and parliamentary practices and reviewing how parliament operates across a typical year, this chapter highlights the significance of the negotiation between parliamentary groups, explaining how the Diet rules and procedures strongly influence parliamentary behavior. Representative democracy functions through the interconnection of the legislative and electoral systems, affecting the fusion and diffusion of powers. The constitutional fusion of power underlies the whole process of lawmaking in the Diet. However, one-party dominance makes the government and opposition relations permanently asymmetrical. Unless elections allow voters to choose a government, the majoritarian control to make the ruling party accountable will not work, and legislative activities will remain mismatched with electoral competitions.

Relationship between the Japanese-style diet, gut microbiota, and dementia: a cross-sectional study

Background Previous studies have shown associations between the gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and cognitive decline. However, the effect of the dietary composition on such associations has not been fully investigated. Methods We performed a cross-sectional sub-analysis of data from our prospective hospital-based cohort study (the Gimlet study) to evaluate the relationships between dietary composition, cognitive decline, and the gut microbiota. All the participants of the Gimlet study had been provided with information regarding this sub-study in 2018. Patients were excluded if they were unable to provide sufficient data in the questionnaire regarding their dietary composition. We assessed their demographics, dietary composition, risk factors, cognitive function, results of brain imaging, gut microbiome, and microbial metabolites. On the basis of previous studies, a nine-component traditional Japanese diet index (JDI9), a 12-component modern JDI (JDI12), and a 12-component revised JDI (rJDI12), were defined. Higher JDI scores indicated greater conformity to the traditional Japanese diet. We then evaluated the relationships between the JDI scores, cognitive function, and the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results We analyzed data from 85 eligible patients (61% women; mean age: 74.6 ± 7.4 years; mean Mini-Mental State Examination score: 24 ± 5). Compared with participants with dementia, those without dementia were more likely to consume foods in the JDI12, including fish and shellfish (64.5% vs. 39.1%, P = 0.048), mushrooms (61.3% vs. 30.4%, P = 0.015), soybeans and soybean-derived foods (62.9% vs. 30.4%, P = 0.013), and coffee (71.0% vs. 43.5%, P = 0.024). There were non-significant trends towards lower fecal concentrations of gut microbial metabolites in participants with a more traditional Japanese diet. Participants with dementia had lower JDI9, JDI12, and rJDI12 scores than participants without dementia (dementia vs. non-dementia, median JDI9 score: 5 vs. 7, P = 0.049; JDI12: 7 vs. 8, P = 0.017; and rJDI12: 7 vs. 9, P = 0.006, respectively). Conclusions Adherence to a traditional Japanese diet was found to be inversely associated with cognitive decline and tended to be associated with lower concentrations of gut microbial metabolites. Trial registration: UMIN000031851.

Protection of Fatty Liver by the Intake of Fermented Soybean Paste, Miso, and Its Pre-Fermented Mixture

Soybeans and fermented soy-derived foodstuffs contain many functional components and demonstrate various beneficial effects. In this report, we demonstrate the anti-fatty liver effect of miso, a traditional fermented product made from soybeans and rice molded in Aspergillus oryzae and forming a common part of the Japanese diet. After acclimation for 2 weeks, male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed with a normal diet (ND), a high-fat diet (HFD), a HFD containing 5% miso (HFD+M), or a HFD containing 5% pre-fermented miso (HFD+PFM) for 20 weeks. Although mice in the HFD group developed typical fatty liver, the consumption of miso or PFM significantly ameliorated the progression of fatty liver in female mice. The liver weight and the average nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) were significantly reduced in the HFD+M and HFD+PFM groups. In addition, leptin and resistin levels in the serum were decreased in the HFD+M and HFD+PFM groups. The progression of fatty liver was also prevented by the consumption of miso or PFM in male mice, although there were no decreases in NAS. Therefore, miso appears to be a potential food to prevent lifestyle-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome.

Effect of food on exposure to napabucasin: Data from two phase I studies.

477 Background: Napabucasin is an orally-administered NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1–bioactivatable investigational agent hypothesized to affect multiple oncogenic cellular pathways including STAT3. Methods: Food effects on napabucasin pharmacokinetics were evaluated in two studies: one at two sites in Japan (Study 1; JapicCTI-205447) and the other at two sites in the US and three in Canada (Study 2; NCT01775423). Study 1 enrolled healthy Japanese male volunteers (HJMV) who received napabucasin 480 mg (formula 2) per sequential design — fasting on Day (D) 1 followed by a Japanese diet (JD) on D8 — with a 6-D intervening washout. In Study 2, patients (pts) with advanced malignancies received napabucasin 500 mg (formula 1) on D1 in the fasted state, then napabucasin 500 mg (formula 2) on D4 and D8 with a high-fat breakfast [HFB] or in the fasted state per the randomized sequence per crossover design. Results: In Study 1, mean plasma napabucasin levels 6–10 h after napabucasin 480 mg administration were higher in fed (JD) vs fasted states; in the fed state, Cmax increased by 15% and AUClast by ~60% (Table), while tmax decreased by ~1.4 hours. Adverse events (AEs) in Study 1 occurred in 5/6 (83.3%) HJMVs (fasted, n=3; fed, n=5; all grade [gr] 1). In Study 2, mean concentration profiles were comparable in fasted and fed (HFB) states for napabucasin 500 mg. When comparing fasted and fed states, Cmax increased by 21% and AUClast by 39% in the fed state (Table). Interpatient variability was high: geometric CV% for CL/F was 75.9% (fed) and 141% (fasted). AEs in Study 2 occurred in 68% (17/25) of fasted pts (gr 1: n=7; gr 2: n=8; gr 3, n=2) and 50% (7/14) of pts fed an HFB (gr 1: n=2; gr 2: n=3; gr 3, n=2). Conclusions: In HJMVs, napabucasin 480 mg administered with a JD increased exposure (Cmax; AUClast; AUCinf) and decreased tmax vs the fasted state. In pts with advanced malignancies, napabucasin 500 mg administered with an HFB increased exposure (Cmax; AUClast) vs the fasted state. These exposure increases are not considered to be of clinical relevance. Clinical trial information: JapicCTI-205447; NCT01775423. [Table: see text]