The number and composition of the main groups of microorganisms in alluvial drained soils, depending on the type of land, the use of fertilizers and biological products

The paper considers the results of studying the number and composition of the microbiological community of alluvial bog soils formed in the floodplain of the Kudma River, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Region. The microbiological pool of the soil was estimated on the basis of counting the total number of colonies on nutrient media: MPA, KAA, Gauze No. 1, Chapeka-Doksa, Golodny agar. Studies have established that the largest microbial pool is possessed by the soils of an 18-year old fallow, the lowest - by the soils of an undrained area; on the plots used for haymaking and arable land, the total number of microorganisms was 1.5 times lower than in the fallow. The most common in the studied soils were representatives of the heterotroph group (MPA medium). The composition of microorganisms was determined by subtype differences between soils, the degree of hydromorphism, and the type of land. According to the results of the vegetation experiment, it was found that the number and composition of the soil microbiota depended to a greater extent on the temperature regime and biological products; the greatest positive effect was produced by preparations containing strains of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Keywords: ALLUVIAL SWEET DRAINED SOILS, BEDROOM, HAYOFET, GRASSLAND, ACTINOMYCETES, BACTERIA, MUSHROOM MICROORGANISMS, FERTILIZERS, BIOPREPARATIONS

Disproportionate CH4 Sink Strength from an Endemic, Sub-Alpine Australian Soil Microbial Community

Soil-to-atmosphere methane (CH4) fluxes are dependent on opposing microbial processes of production and consumption. Here we use a soil–vegetation gradient in an Australian sub-alpine ecosystem to examine links between composition of soil microbial communities, and the fluxes of greenhouse gases they regulate. For each soil/vegetation type (forest, grassland, and bog), we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 fluxes and their production/consumption at 5 cm intervals to a depth of 30 cm. All soils were sources of CO2, ranging from 49 to 93 mg CO2 m−2 h−1. Forest soils were strong net sinks for CH4, at rates of up to −413 µg CH4 m−2 h−1. Grassland soils varied, with some soils acting as sources and some as sinks, but overall averaged −97 µg CH4 m−2 h−1. Bog soils were net sources of CH4 (+340 µg CH4 m−2 h−1). Methanotrophs were dominated by USCα in forest and grassland soils, and Candidatus Methylomirabilis in the bog soils. Methylocystis were also detected at relatively low abundance in all soils. Our study suggests that there is a disproportionately large contribution of these ecosystems to the global soil CH4 sink, which highlights our dependence on soil ecosystem services in remote locations driven by unique populations of soil microbes. It is paramount to explore and understand these remote, hard-to-reach ecosystems to better understand biogeochemical cycles that underpin global sustainability.

Radiocaesium retention in bog meadows: an analysis based on soil properties

<p>The deposition of large amounts of radiocaesium from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident (ChNPP,1986) has required a study of the fate of this long-lived radioisotope in ecosystems. Fallout radionuclide becomes incorporated into the soil biogeochemical processes and the human food chain. Usually, meadows located on polluted peat soils are intensively used for sheep and cow grazing, which results in contaminated animal products. Therefore, to suggest remediation methods for contaminated bog meadows it is necessary to find out the key factors affecting the <sup>137</sup>Cs mobility in bog soils.</p><p>The vertical distribution of <sup>137</sup>Cs in peat bog soils in the remote period after the Chernobyl accident was investigated. The study was conducted on bog meadows in the Bryansk region of Russia. Soil samples were taken at locations on lowland and transitional bogs.</p><p>Fifteen years after the accident, an analysis of soils showed that the peak of <sup>137</sup>Cs activity was still in the upper 10 cm layer. This layer is usually saturated with plant roots. The highest <sup>137</sup>Cs retention (92% of the total inventory) has been observed in the top 10 cm layer in the drained bog. The findings revealed that elevated soil moisture promotes <sup>137</sup>Cs downward migration.</p><p>The rate of <sup>137</sup>Cs migration is controlled by the solid-liquid distribution coefficient K<sub>d</sub> which is related to the presence of clay minerals and cations competing for exchange sites on solid soil, such as K<sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. In wetlands with the high content of decomposed organic matter are created the conditions for intensive ammonification. This study provides evidence that ammonium is the major contributing factor for K<sub>d</sub> values in peat soils on bog meadows.</p><p>Remediation methods aimed at enhanced removal of <sup>137</sup>Cs from the root zone in bog soils are discussed.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>

Assessment of the protective potential of the Moscow region soil cover to contamination with heavy metals and metalloids

Heavy metals and other trace elements that are not subject to degradation are among the priority pollutants. Significant amounts of heavy metals and related elements with variable valence are deposited on the soil surface as part of aerosols. Accumulating in the soil, they are very slowly removed from it, only changing the level of content or the state during migration, turning the soil over time into a source of secondary pollution. In this regard, an extremely urgent task is to assess the territory, especially such a highly developed and densely populated area as the Moscow Region, in terms of its protective potential to heavy metal pollution. The paper proposes and tested an algorithm for the cartographic assessment of the protective potential of the soil and vegetation cover of the region using GIS analysis methods based on the database “Digital medium-scale soil map of the Moscow region” and a vector map of forest cover. The formula used for calculations includes data on the soil texture, the content of organic matter in soil, the position of the soil in the landscape and the degree of forest cover of the territory. According to the proposed approach, in the Moscow region, the soil cover, taking into account the forest cover, forms 4 groups according to the level of protective potential for contamination with heavy metals and metalloids. The maximum estimate was obtained for noneroded sod-podzolic soils of medium or fine texture, gray forest soils, chernozems and peat bog soils under forest vegetation (17 % of the area). Unerroded soddy-podzolic soils of varying degrees of podzolization and gleying (45 %) received an average rating. Even lower is the protective potential of 22 % of the territory represented by eroded gray forest soils, various sod-podzolic, alluvial and peat bog soils. This group is the most heterogeneous in terms of soil texture, organic matter content and degree of forest cover. The group with a minimum protective potential included eroded soils, soils of gully-girder complexes, sod-podzolic soils of coarst texture, as well as alluvial peat and peaty soils (about 16 %).

Disproportionate CH4 sink strength from an endemic, sub-alpine Australian soil microbial community

Soil-to-atmosphere methane (CH4) fluxes are dependent on opposing microbial processes of production and consumption. Here we use a soil-vegetation gradient in an Australian sub-alpine ecosystem to examine links between composition of soil microbial communities, and the fluxes of greenhouse gases they regulate. For each soil-vegetation type (forest, grassland, and bog), we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 fluxes and their production/consumption at 5-cm intervals to a depth of 30 cm. All soils were sources of CO2, ranging from 49-93 mg CO2 m-2 h-1. Forest soils were strong net sinks for CH4 at rates up to −413 µg CH4 m-2 h-1. Grassland soils varied with some soils acting as sources and some as sinks, but overall averaged −97 µg CH4 m-2 h-1. Bog soils were net sources of CH4 (+340 µg CH4 m-2 h-1). Methanotrophs were dominated by USCα in forest and grassland soils, and Candidatus Methylomirabilis sp. in the bog soils. Methylocystis were also detected at relatively low abundance. The potential disproportionately large contribution of these ecosystems to global CH4 oxidation, and poorly understood microbial community regulating it, highlight our dependence on soil ecosystem services in remote locations can be driven by a unique population of soil microbes.Originality-Significance Statement(Identify the key aspects of originality and significance that place the work within the top 10% of current research in environmental microbiology)Novel methanotrophic bacteria have been discovered in recent years, but few studies have examined the total known diversity of methanotrophs together with the net flux of CH4 from soils. We used an ecosystem with a vegetation-soil gradient in the sub-alpine regions of Australia (with extremely strong consumption of atmospheric CH4) to examine microbial and abiotic drivers of CH4 fluxes across this gradient. Recently characterized methanotrophs, either USCα in forest and grassland soils, or oxygenic Candidatus Methylomirabilis sp. in the bog soil were dominant. Methanotrophs belonging to the families Methylococcaceae and Methylocystaceae represented only a small minority of the methanotrophs in this ecosystem.

Postpyrogenic development and fire protection of bog soils

A case study of the drained soils of the Posolsky bog massif in the Republic of Buryatia showed a fire-induced transformation of peat soils (Histosols) resulting in pyrogenic formations. The effect of fire leads to a change in the physico-chemical properties of soils and to large losses of mineral substances and organic carbon. Pyrogenic accumulation of carbonates is observed.

Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas sp. Strain MWU12-2323, Isolated from a Wild Cranberry Bog in Truro, Massachusetts

Exploration of novel environments such as low-pH wild cranberry bog soils yields a rich diversity of bacteria, including Pseudomonas spp. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas sp. strain MWU12-2323, isolated from wild cranberry plant rhizosphere. The genome has secondary metabolite genes encoding carbohydrate polymer-degrading enzymes.

HALOGENESIS IN OLIGOTROPHIC SOILS OF THE MIDDLE TAIGA OF WESTERN SIBERIA

The paper provides analysis of salinization processes in the soils of middle taiga due to oil and petroleum products pollution of humid landscapes of Western Siberia. The specific features of man-made chloride-sodium halogenesis which develops in hydromorphic soils of Western Siberia have been investigated. The obtained materials have been initially processed: salt content, alkaline-acid characteristics, soil absorbent complex composition, and organic carbon content have been determined. There have been identified differences in lateral and radial migration of salts in peat bog soils of ryam and ridge-hollow bogs.

GIS technology application for identification of peat bog soils for updating the digital soil map of Karelia

Updating of information in digital regional soil maps is addressed. The conversion of the soil map of Karelia (SMK) into vector format encountered the problem of properly placing a majority of peat bog soil contours into the existing classification. Therefore, methodological studies were carried out to enable rectification and updating of the SMK digital version. A procedure for identification of peat bog soil massifs was suggested for the purpose of updating the information using modern GIS technology. Corrections were made to the map contents relying on the information available in thematic maps, satellite images, up-to-date relief and hydrographic data. The first step was to establish correlations between legends in the initial map and further cartographic materials. The updated data were fed into the attributive database of soils, which is automatically linked to soil contours. In the process, some hindrances to the typological identification of wetland soils were revealed, and various methodological solutions to deal with them were worked out. The new block of “meso-eutrophic peat bog soils” was added to the legend of the map, since information about the typology of wetland soils has been expanded since the making of the original SMK. As a result of the effort, the number of unidentified mire contours in the digital SMK was reduced from 83.7 to 7.2%. Data regarding the peat bog soils present in SMK were thus updated. That said, the contours of some large mire massifs will have to be modified at the next stage of the work.