Equivalence of the Transition Heat Capacities of Proteins and DNA

It has been reported for many globular proteins that the native heat capacity at 25°C, per gram, is the same. This has been interpreted to indicate that heat capacity is a fundamental property of native proteins that provides important information on molecular structure and stability. Heat capacities for both proteins and DNA has been suggested to be related to universal effects of hydration/solvation on native structures. Here we report on results from thermal denaturation analysis of two well-known proteins, human serum albumin and lysozyme, and a short DNA hairpin. The transition heat capacities at the Tm for the three molecules were quantitatively evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. When normalized per gram rather than per mol the transition heat capacities were found to be precisely equivalent. This observation for the transition heat capacities of the proteins is consistent with previous reports. However, an identical transition heat capacity for DNA has not been reported and was unexpected. Further analysis of the collected data suggested a mass dependence of hydration effects on thermal denaturation that is preserved at the individual protein amino acid and DNA base levels. Equivalence of transition heat capacities suggests the possibility of a universal role of hydration effects on the thermal stability of both proteins and DNA.

Development and Research of Phase-Transition and Thermochemical Materials for Heat Accumulation

The chapter discusses various phase-transition heat-accumulating materials. Their application in heat pumps and their use for heat supply are presented. Phase-transition heat-accumulating materials in heat pipes are also considered, various types of heat pipes are presented. The installation of heat storage with phase-transition materials is presented. Along with phase-transition heat-accumulating materials, the chapter considers thermochemical heat-accumulating material of photochemical reactions of energy storage. As an example of a thermochemical heat-accumulating material, a solar power plant for thermochemical energy storage is presented. A developed computer program for the description of thermochemical reactions allows examining chemical and thermochemical reactions in multicomponent reciprocal systems, which can be carried out in the course of the reciprocal multicomponent systems. The computer program allows identifying thermochemical reactions occurring in mutual multicomponent systems, regardless of component and dependent on temperature.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО РЕЖИМА КОРОБКИ ПЕРЕДАЧ АВТОМОБИЛЯ КАМАЗ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ

В работе рассмотрены особенности эксплуатации автомобилей при низких температурах окружающего воздуха, а также существующие способы и средства тепловой подготовки их агрегатов. Если вопросы тепловой подготовки и поддержания рационального температурного режима двигателей внутреннего сгорания автомобилей в значительной степени решены, то для агрегатов их трансмиссий они требуют дальнейшего развития. Проанализировано применение тепловых аккумуляторов для тепловой подготовки агрегатов автомобилей. Предложен способ и система обеспечения рационального температурного режима коробки передач автомобиля КамАЗ с использованием теплового аккумулятора фазового перехода. Сформулированы цель и задачи исследований. Проведен расчет объема теплоаккумулирующего материала, необходимого для подогрева трансмиссионного масла коробки передач автомобиля КамАЗ до рациональной температуры в условиях зимней эксплуатации. Разработаны гидравлическая и функциональная схемы системы регулирования температуры масла в коробке передач автомобиля КамАЗ с тепловым аккумулятором фазового перехода, применение которой обеспечит быстрый выход на рациональный температурный режим коробки передач автомобиля и его стабилизацию как в зимнее, так и в летнее время года и, тем самым, снизит износ деталей, механические потери в коробке передач, расход топлива автомобилем.The paper discusses the features of operation of cars at low ambient temperatures, as well as existing methods and means of heat treatment of their units. If the issues of thermal preparation and maintaining a rational temperature regime of automobile internal combustion engines are largely resolved, then for the units of their transmissions they require further development. The application of heat accumulators for the thermal preparation of automobile units is analyzed. A method and system for ensuring a rational temperature regime of a KamAZ car gearbox using a phase transition heat accumulator is proposed. The purpose and objectives of research are formulated. The calculation of the volume of heat-accumulating material necessary for heating the gear oil of a KamAZ car gearbox to a rational temperature in winter conditions has been carried out. A hydraulic and functional diagram of the oil temperature control system in a KamAZ car gearbox with a phase-transfer heat accumulator has been developed, the use of which will provide quick access to the rational temperature regime of the car gearbox and its stabilization in both winter and summer seasons and, thereby, reduce wear of parts, mechanical losses in the gearbox, fuel consumption by the car.

The Ionic Liquid Property Explorer: An Extensive Library of Task-Specific Solvents

Ionic liquids have a broad spectrum of applications ranging from gas separation to sensors and pharmaceuticals. Rational selection of the constituent ions is key to achieving tailor-made materials with functional properties. To facilitate the discovery of new ionic liquids for sustainable applications, we have created a virtual library of over 8 million synthetically feasible ionic liquids. Each structure has been evaluated for their-task suitability using data-driven statistical models calculated for 12 highly relevant properties: melting point, thermal decomposition, glass transition, heat capacity, viscosity, density, cytotoxicity, CO 2 solubility, surface tension, and electrical and thermal conductivity. For comparison, values of six properties computed using quantum chemistry based equilibrium thermodynamics COSMO-RS methods are also provided. We believe the data set will be useful for future efforts directed towards targeted synthesis and optimization.

Superconducting Properties of 3D Low-Density TI-Bipolaron Gas in Magnetic Field

Consideration is given to thermodynamical properties of a three-dimensional Bose-condensate of translation-invariant bipolarons (TI-bipolarons) in magnetic field. The critical temperature of transition, critical magnetic fields, energy, heat capacity and the transition heat of TI-bipolaron gas are calculated. Such values as maximum magnetic field, London penetration depth and their temperature dependencies are calculated. The results obtained are used to explain experiments on high-temperature superconductors.

Peculiarities of using slurry fuels in thermal power plants

The study regards the issues of increasing the thermodynamic efficiency of a typical condensing thermal power plant using coal-water and organic coal-water fuels as the main source. The attention is paid to the use of the phase transition heat of the water vapor of the flue gas. We have shown that it is possible to increase the power plant efficiency by about 3.7% (gross) relative to the base value (in the case of using pulverized coal). We propose to use the flue-gas desulfurization technology for creating fuel slurries in which a liquid incombustible base will be replaced, for example, with aqueous solutions of Ca(OH)2. This will create a closed water cycle, improve the efficiency of Sox flue gas purification and improve the performance of scrubbers.