Current Status and Future Perspective on Enzyme Involving in Biocontrol of Plant Pathogen

To sustain the quality and abundance of fruit, feed and fiber provided by farmers all over the world, plant diseases must be regulated. Plant diseases may be prevented, mitigated, or regulated using a variety of methods. Growers also rely on chemical fertilizers and pesticides for good agronomic and horticultural practices. Such agricultural inputs have taken a vital part in spectacular increases in crop yield and quality over the last 100 years. Microbial enzymes function as biocatalysts for key biochemical reactions and also assist microbes reproduce in a particular niche. The ability of rhizosphere microorganism to increase the growth of plant and control phytopathogens has long been known. Rhizosphere microbes may aid plants in several ways in their fight against phytopathogens. Of all recognized biocontrol pathways, the excretion of lytic enzymes is known as an important way to prevent phytopathogens from living in the region of the rhizosphere. Rhizosphere microorganism produces chitinases, cellulases, proteases, and glucanases in reaction to phytopathogen assault. For assessing antagonist-pathogen interactions, ecological characteristics of antagonists in the rhizosphere, and optimizing the effectiveness of bacterial, fungal, and viral biocontrol agents, new molecular approaches have become available. Given the experience of fungicides in near future, biological management would be another method to control diseases of plant. Since agro-ecosystem is a flexible and functioning structure that involves many variables that affect disease and production of crop, other IPM methods to control diseases of crop are also important in different surrounding conditions. As result, to successfully minimize disease production and crop yield loss in various crop systems, other IPM management mechanisms other than biological control should be considered and implemented.

Efficiency of biologization of intensification processes in industrial fruit growing

The intensification processes characteristic in industrial fruit growing is given, their aims are determined. The main technological shifts of the technological structure formed in the domestic fruit growing are presented. Based on the analysis of the technological structure development, the predicted technological shifts for the near future, the characteristic features of promising technologies in the fruit growing, their criteria and signs are presented. The factors-indicators of fruit growing intensification are systematically presented. A retrospective of the industrial fruit growing intensification based on the weak-growing rootstocks breeding and introduction and differentiated technologies formed with their participation is reflected. The main directions of intensification that increase the agrocenosis biopotential are graphically presented. The analysis of chemical and technogenic factors negative impact on agroecocenoses leading to bioresource deformations in the biocenosis, soil and soil microbiota, microbio-, acaro- and entomosystems is carried out. The necessity of restoring and developing the reproductive capabilities of agroecosystems, mainly by biological methods, is proved, which include: the development of rhizosphere microorganism populations in the soil biota, the range expansion of the applied bioproducts created on the effective strain basis of beneficial microorganisms, the widespread application of various forms and methods to increase plant immunity, including elicitor-type preparations.

SCREENING OF ACIT SULPHATE SOILS FUNGI FROM SOUTH KALIMANTAN AS SOURCE OF EXTRACELULAR ENZYMES

Kalimantan acid sulphate land has the potential to be developed into productive land, with good land optimization. Utilization of rhizosphere microorganism diversity, especially mold can potentially provide a solution in optimizing agricultural land, namely the ability to produce extracellular enzymes. This study aims to determine the potential of mold originating from acid sulphate fields in producing extracellular enzymes (pectinase, chitinase, glucanase, cellulase, and phosphatase). The study was conducted in June-July 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory, Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development. Screening of extracellular enzyme-producing fungi was carried out on selection media. The results obtained by some isolates have the ability to produce extracellular enzymes. Indications of the ability of mold to produce extracellular enzymes are the presence of clear zones in the selection medium. In pectinase, chitinase and glucanase testing all isolates showed negative results. Potential isolates in producing extracellular enzymes include Penicillium sp. Paddy 4.1 (cellulolytic index 2.43), Clonostachys sp. KRMT 17.9 and Penicillium singorense KLK 13.7 (proteolytic indices 3.97 and 3,00, respectively). The difference in index values ​​indicates the variation in the level of enzyme activity.

Keanekaragaman Koloni Mikroorganisme Rizosfer Lahan Tebu (Saccharum officinarum) Pada Penggunaan Pupuk Bio-Slurry dan Pupuk Kimia

The diversity of microorganisms is very important in the balance of soil ecosystems is also an indicator of soil health and can affect the condition of plants that grow on it. Rizosphere is a part of the soil around the root of a plant. The activity of some rhizosphere microorganisms plays a role in the nutrient cycle and the process of soil formation, plant growth, affecting microorganism activity, and as biological control of root pathogens. The research objective was to determine the value of the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) rhizosphere microorganism index using Bio-slurry and chemical fertilizers. This study uses descriptive explorative methods. The data analyzed in the form of measurement of pH, number of microorganism colonies and diversity index. Diversity of Colonies Rhizosphere microorganisms Sugarcane land that uses Bio-slurry and those using Chemical Fertilizer are classified as low respectively 0.47 and 0.69. Colony groups found in each land are bacteria and fungi. Keywords: Diversity, Rizosphere, Saccharum officinarum, Bio-slurry, Chemical Fertilizers ABSTRAK Keanekaragaman mikroorganisme sangat penting dalam keseimbangan ekosistem tanah juga merupakan indikator kesehatan tanah dan dapat mempengaruhi kondisi tanaman yang tumbuh di atasnya. Rizosfer merupakan bagian tanah yang berada di sekitar perakaran tanaman. Aktivitas beberapa mikroorganisme rizosfer berperan dalam siklus hara dan proses pembentukan tanah, pertumbuhan tanaman, memengaruhi aktivitas mikroorganisme, serta sebagai pengendali hayati terhadap patogen akar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai indeks keanekaragaman mikroorganisme rizosfer tebu (Saccharum officinarum) yang menggunakan Bio-slurry dan pupuk kimia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode diskriptif eksploratif. Data yang dianalisis berupa hasil pengukuran pH, jumlah koloni mikroorganisme dan indeks keragaman. Keanekaragaman koloni mikroorganisme rizosfer lahan tebu yang menggunakan Bio-slurry dan yang menggunakan Pupuk kimia tergolong rendah masing-masing bernilai 0,47 dan 0,69. Kelompok koloni mikroorganisme yang ditemukan pada masing-masing lahan yaitu bakteri dan jamur. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, Rizosfer, Saccharum officinarum, Bio-slurry, Pupuk Kimia

RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIOME: AN EMERGING FRONTIER IN CAUSING AND CURING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in the rhizosphere causing infectious diseases in plants and humans has increased considerably due to a high content of nutrients. Such pathogenic infections are of huge concern in agriculture, health care, and medical arenas. Rhizosphere microbiome is a “microbial hotspot,” not only for pathogenic microorganism but also for unlimited beneficial microorganisms. Therefore, this microbiome has immense potential in the shaping of earth from natural vegetation to the intense agricultural production to human health. Rhizosphere microorganism from unexplored habitats is a promising approach to overcome the escalating threat of such pathogenic infections. Hence, efforts are being made to isolate more and more rhizobacteria that are beneficial for better plant productivity and for treating human diseases. Thus, present review highlights and discusses the available literature on beneficial/pathogenic microorganisms belonging to rhizosphere and their impact on plants and human diseases. Furthermore, it sheds light on how this novel knowledge helps in deriving maximum benefits out of this naturally occurring population for the betterment of plant and human health.