Investigation of the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of waste on the quality of liquid fuel products from them, obtained by multi-loop recirculation pyrolysis

Purpose: To study the properties of MSW generated in Ukraine in order to ensure their most efficient processing using the multi-loop recirculation pyrolysis technology in order produce a liquid fuel product. Design/methodology/approach: The problem' study of MSW accumulation in the world countries was carried out on the basis scientific databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Mendeley, ResearchGate, Google Scholar for the corresponding keywords. The MSW properties generated in Ukraine were determined in accordance with the current standards to determine the specific properties of materials. For the experimental study, 3 types of solid organic waste mixtures were compiled, the composition of which characterizes the variable data on the accumulation of household and industrial waste of Ukraine. The quantity and quality of the liquid product obtained was determined using certified equipment. Findings: The tests revealed that the composition of the solid organic waste mixture when disposing of them by the multi-loop recirculation pyrolysis method has little effect the composition and properties of the obtained liquid hydrocarbon product; the total time of complete degradation for different mixtures of composite materials (mixtures of polymeric substances) is 180-250 min; the correct selection of the temperature of the circulation system makes it possible to produce a gaseous or liquid product which can then be used as an alternative fuel. Research limitations/implications: Current study of solid organic waste degradation was carried out by the multi-loop recirculation pyrolysis method. The experimental waste mixtures did not contain very wet waste of small fractions. Practical implications: The technology of circulating pyrolysis makes it possible to change the qualitative and quantitative composition of the obtained liquid hydrocarbon product, which is a potential fuel, irrespective of the composition of the solid organic waste mixture.Originality/value: It has been experimentally established that the quality of the liquid hydrocarbon product obtained by the multi-loop recirculation pyrolysis process does not depend on the composition of the solid organic waste mixture, but depends on the process' duration and the third circuit' temperature of the multi-loop recirculation system.

White fluorescence of polyaromatics derived from methanol conversion in Ca2+-exchanged small-pore zeolites

Coronene and its derivatives were synthesized using methanol inside Ca2+ ion-exchanged small-pore zeolites with an 8-membered ring window, such as LTA and RHO zeolites. The polyaromatic hydrocarbon product exhibited white...

Kajian Integrasi Nilai-Nilai Karakter Islami Peserta Didik dalam Materi Hidrokarbon di Sekolah Menegah Kejuruan

The inculcation of Islamic character values for students is an important thing to be taught to students. One way of planting is to integrate learning material with the values of Islamic characters of students. This research was carried out through exploring the values of Islamic characters in hydrocarbon material taught in vocational high schools. The purpose of this study is to integrate the values of Islamic characters that are reinforced in the hydrocarbon material in schools. This research is a literature study with qualitative descriptive methods using content analysis techniques, analysis with a philosophical approach, analysis with triadic models, and analysis with confirmation models. The results obtained in this study are the study of the integration of hydrocarbon material chemistry lessons and Islamic character values that can be taught to intermediate level students. The results of the integration are as follows (1) The conversion of a less useful item into a more useful item, (2) Preserving nature as the human task as a Khalifah on earth, (3) Utilizing one of the reactions that occur in hydrocarbon compounds in daily life, (4) Utilizing petroleum as an example of a hydrocarbon product that is very beneficial to humans, (5) The benefits of carbon atoms in the carbon cycle, (6) The benefits of hydrocarbons in photosynthesis to increase our gratitude to Allah SWT, (7 ) The benefits of the special carbon atom in the concept of pairing in life, and (8) Grateful for the greatness of God who has created everything in nature

ASSESSMENT AND REMEDIATION OF A LIGHT NON-AQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID HYDROCARBON PLUME IN FRACTURED BEDROCK

INTRODUCTION During the extension of an access road on the Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Esquimalt in Colwood, British Columbia, a black, viscous, liquid hydrocarbon product was observed oozing from newly exposed bedrock fractures in the roadside. Road excavation was subsequently halted to undertake assessment and remediation of the hydrocarbon product. The exposed bedrock was dammed with sawdust, a geomembrane barrier was installed and the area was backfilled until an appropriate course of action could be determined. The site location is shown in Figure 1. The property boundary and key site features are shown in Figure 2; the hydrocarbon seep is shown in Figure 3. Bunker C oil is a heavy-end (high molecular weight) hydrocarbon product that has a specific gravity slightly less than water and is therefore a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). The source of the LNAPL was inferred to originate from a decommissioned fuel depot located approximately 100 m distance uphill from the road, where 40,000 barrels of Bunker C fuel oil were historically stored in one of three, large above-ground storage tanks (ASTs). A Bunker C oil spill reportedly took place at the tank farm more than two decades prior; however, the spill volume was unknown and initial investigations found no evidence of contamination between the roadside LNAPL occurrence and the former AST. Furthermore, there was also anecdotal evidence that an historic asphalt manufacturing facility may have operated in the vicinity of the access road. A hydrocarbon product similar to Bunker C is used in the manufacture of asphalt. The source and extent of the LNAPL and the potential migration pathways to the roadside location were therefore unknown. When an LNAPL spill occurs in the subsurface, the LNAPL can migrate downward under gravity through the soil pore space in the unsaturated zone. When LNAPL encounters the ground water table (the top of the saturated zone), it tends to spread out laterally because it is less dense than water and will migrate primarily in the direction of the water table gradient (water table slope). However, when LNAPL encounters bedrock, the direction of LNAPL migration can become much more complicated depending on the degree and orientation of bedrock fractures that control its movement. When fracture density is sufficiently high and the fractures are interconnected, contamination is able to migrate down-gradient through the bedrock in the same manner as through unconsolidated materials. However, when dominant structural features are prevalent that favour specific orientations, preferential pathways are created that can result in the cross-gradient migration of LNAPL. This paper presents a case study for the assessment and remediation of LNAPL in bedrock at the Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Esquimalt (the site). Geological mapping of bedrock structural features has long been used by the mining industry to identify key structures associated with economic zones of mineralization and to predict the location and extent of mineralized targets. In a similar regard, to effectively remediate LNAPL within fractured bedrock requires the identification and characterization of any structural features that might be controlling the preferential migration of LNAPL within the subsurface to other areas of the site. A significant amount of surface outcrop is present at the site and this was recognized as a cost-effective opportunity to complete a geological assessment of the bedrock. A geological mapping program was subsequently undertaken to assess bedrock outcrops for fracture density, fracture aperture, the orientation of primary fracture sets and lithologic contacts. The area was also inspected for larger scale structural features such as faults, deformation and erosional features that might influence contaminant migration. Fracture sets and lithologic contacts were mapped by outcrop location, and fractures with visible LNAPL were mapped separately from those without LNAPL. The geological data collected was used to construct stereographic projections of structural planes on a stereonet. Poles to structural planes were plotted and colour-coded by area and by presence/absence of LNAPL. The plots were then analyzed individually, and as a composite plot, to identify the dominant preferential pathways controlling LNAPL migration at the site. By superimposing these features on areas where LNAPL was observed, LNAPL delineation targets were effectively identified and the plume was subsequently delineated with confidence and remediated.

FEASIBILITY OF THE UTILIZATION CONDENSATE AS RAW MATERIAL FOR PETROCHEMICAL

The utilization of condensate is currently not optimal yet, where most of its production are mixed with crude oil which results in significant shrinkage in oil volume. As a hydrocarbon product, condensate can be utilized as a raw material for petrochemical industry, fuel and solvent. Currently raw materials of petrochemical industry in Indonesia are imported from other countries. To optimize the utilization of condensate it is necessary to conduct a characteristic test of several types of condensate and then conducted a utilization analysis based on their number and its nature. Paraffin, Olefin, Naphthenic and Aromatic (PONA) test results showed that the six samples of condensate in the test had a fairly high paraffin content of above 60%. The highest paraffin content was 82.84% for condensate B and the lowest was 61.4% for condensate E. The six condensate samples contain higher paraffin, which are suitable for use as raw material for petrochemical olefin.The results of the economic calculation of the construction unit Olefin Process Center with a capacity of 100,000 BPSD, which is an IRR as 22.8 %, the NPV as of US $ 1,801,491,951.12 , POT for 4.1 years, and PI as 1.87. Developing of Olefin Process Unit Center being constructed in Indonesia is economical worthy.

An innovative method to produce drop-in fuel by alkaline earth-transition metals basic soap decarboxylation

Decarboxylation of metal soap is an emerging method to produce drop-in fuels as an alternative to the expensive hydrotreatment process. In this study, the Mg-Fe basic soap produced from palm kernel fatty acid had been successfully decarboxylated into jet-fuel type biohydrocarbons. The Mg-Fe basic soap with ratio of 8:2 mol was decarboxylated for 5 hours at atmospheric pressure and temperature varied up to 370°C; it produced a liquid product whose yield was around 60 %-weight. The resulting hydrocarbon product was a complex mixture consisted of normal paraffins in the range of carbon chain length C8 – C17, iso-and cyclo-paraffins, and various olefin products.

Activation Energies for Chain Growth Propagation and Termination in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis on Iron Catalyst as a Function of Catalyst Particle Size

The influence of the catalyst particle size in determining Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) performance for nano-structured iron catalysts was investigated. The catalysts were prepared by a microemulsion method and to achieve a series of catalysts with different iron particle size, the water-to-surfactant molar ratio (W/S) in the microemulsion system varied from 4 to 12. The results demonstrate that by decreasing the levels of active phase of the iron catalyst, the termination rates for chain growth are increased compared to the propagation rates. In addition, the activation energy for chain propagation is lower than for chain termination, and this difference (Et – Ep) for the hydrocarbon product distributions which is characterised by α1, is lower than the hydrocarbon product distribution which is characterised by α2 The results indicate the H2 concentration on the catalyst surface is decreased by increasing the catalyst particle size. Thus, the dependence of α (α1, and/or α2) on H2 partial pressures is increased by decreasing of catalyst particle size and the dependence of α2 on H2 partial pressures is weaker than for α1.