scholarly journals FEASIBILITY OF THE UTILIZATION CONDENSATE AS RAW MATERIAL FOR PETROCHEMICAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holisoh Holisoh
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Unit ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Hydrocarbon Product

The utilization of condensate is currently not optimal yet, where most of its production are mixed with crude oil which results in significant shrinkage in oil volume. As a hydrocarbon product, condensate can be utilized as a raw material for petrochemical industry, fuel and solvent. Currently raw materials of petrochemical industry in Indonesia are imported from other countries. To optimize the utilization of condensate it is necessary to conduct a characteristic test of several types of condensate and then conducted a utilization analysis based on their number and its nature. Paraffin, Olefin, Naphthenic and Aromatic (PONA) test results showed that the six samples of condensate in the test had a fairly high paraffin content of above 60%. The highest paraffin content was 82.84% for condensate B and the lowest was 61.4% for condensate E. The six condensate samples contain higher paraffin, which are suitable for use as raw material for petrochemical olefin.The results of the economic calculation of the construction unit Olefin Process Center with a capacity of 100,000 BPSD, which is an IRR as 22.8 %, the NPV as of US $ 1,801,491,951.12 , POT for 4.1 years, and PI as 1.87. Developing of Olefin Process Unit Center being constructed in Indonesia is economical worthy.

scholarly journals Nori Preference Level based on the Condition of the Raw Material Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinda Widu Ramasari ◽  
Evi Liviawaty ◽  
Atikah Nurhayati ◽  
Rusky Intan Pratama ◽  
Eddy Afrianto
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Bayes Test ◽  
Eucheuma Cottonii

Aims: To determine the level of preference of panelists for Nori based on the condition of raw materials of dry and semi-dried Kappaphycus alvarezii (formerly Eucheuma cottonii) seaweed. Study Design: The research was conducted experimentally. Place and Duration of Study: Organoleptic tests were carried out in the Laboratory of Fisheries Product Processing Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Padjadjaran. Physical tests and chemical tests conducted at the Laboratory of Research and Biological Resources and Biotechnology Research Institute at the Society (LPPM), IPB, between March 2019 and April 2019. Methodology: The research was conducted experimentally consisted of 3 treatments with 20 semi-trained panelists as replication from Fisheries students of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, University of Padjadjaran who had experienced the organoleptic assessment. Hedonic tests were to determine the level of panelists preference for the products which included appearance, aroma, texture, and flavor, the results were statistically analyzed using Friedman Test and Bayes Test. Physical tests (thickness and hardness) and chemical tests (water content and crude fiber content) were carried out on the most preferred treatment product and analyzed descriptively. Results: The organoleptic test results of Nori from Kappaphycus alvarezii (formerly Eucheuma cottonii) seaweed with dry raw material conditions had the highest average value on each characteristic compared to other treatments, appearance of 7.70, aroma of 7.00, texture of 7.50, and flavor of 7.90. The Bayes test results on the treatment of Nori from Kappaphycus alvarezii (formerly Eucheuma cottonii) seaweed with dry raw materials conditions having the highest alternative which was 8.54 with the most influential taste criteria for the assessment. The thickness of the Nori was 0.108 mm, the hardness was 1916.16 gf, water content of Nori was 17.23% and crude fiber content was 10.10%. Conclusion: The treatment of Nori with raw materials of dry conditions was the most preferred by panelists.

Effect of Borax on Lightweight Material from Cullet and Fly Ash

2016 ◽  
Vol 690 ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutthima Sriprasertsuk ◽  
Phatthiya Suwannason ◽  
Wanna T. Saengchantara
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Heat Process ◽  
Lightweight Material

This work investigated the recycling of fly ash waste and cullet as the raw materials for lightweight bodies produced by heat treatment and using sodium silicate as the binder. Borax was mixed with fly ash and cullet, and put into the block in dimension 10x10x2 cm3. The lightweight materials thus produced were then sintered at temperature of 800 °C. Density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity were determined. Borax showed a positive sintering effect on the porosity of lightweight material during the heat process. The compressive strength of lightweight material diminished with the reduction of density and thermal conductivity. Lightweight material manufactured with borax showed the lower density and thermal conductivity accompanied by the higher compressive strength. The test results indicated that using fly ash and cullet as the raw material with borax could obtain the lightweight material, thus enhancing the possibility of its reuse in a sustainable way.

scholarly journals PROSES PEMBUATAN DAN PENGUJIAN BENDA UJI KERAMIK UNTUK BAHAN BAKU ISOLATOR LISTRIK KERAMIK PORSELEN (MANUFACTURING AND TESTING PROCESS OF CERAMIC SPECIMENS FOR RAW MATERIALS OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR PORCELAIN CERAMIC)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Wahyu wahyu Garinas
Keyword(s):  
Test Object ◽  
Test Specimen ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Composition Materials ◽  
Ball Clay

Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari kegiatan mencari bahan baku untuk pembuatan isolator keramik porselen. Bahan baku untuk pembuatan benda uji keramik sebagian besar menggunakan bahan baku lokal.Proses pengolahan bahan baku pada penelitian ini  : pembuatan komposisi, pengolahan bahan dan pembuatan benda uji.Metode yang akan dilakukan dalam pengolahan ini  yaitu proses pemisahan dengan cara basah dan kering.Untuk mengetahui kualitas kelistrikan dari bahan baku keramik maka dibuat benda uji dan dilakukan uji tegangan tembus listrik.Hasil uji terhadap benda uji ternyata  semua benda uji masih belum memenuhi standar IEC maupun ASTM. Nilai hasil uji terhadap sampel  sekitar   (7,99 - 9,35) kV/mm dan semua sampel  belum memenuhi  standar yang direkomendasikan oleh PLN (9,85 kV/mm). Hasil uji tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sampel no. 5 dan 6 yang mendekati standar dari PLN. Perlu evaluasi terhadap  komposisi , bahan dan proses pembuatan dari benda uji keramik. Kata Kunci : Bahan mentah keramik (kaolin, felspar, ball clay,kuarsa), pengujian  benda uji, pengujian tegangan tembus, kualitas bahan keramik. Abstract This study is part of the looking for raw materials for the manufacture of ceramic porcelain insulators.The raw material for the manufacture of ceramic test specimens mostly using local raw materials.The processing of the raw material in this study: preparing a composition, materials processing and manufacturing of the test object. The method will be done in this processing is the separation process by means of wet and dry.To know the the quality of the electrical ceramic raw materials then created of the test specimen and test the electrical Puncture Voltage.The test results of the test specimen it turns out all specimens still does not meet PLN (IEC and ASTM) standards.Value test results on samples approximately (7.99 to 9.35) kV / mm and all samples do not meet the standards recommended by PLN.The test results showed that the samples no. 5 and 6 are closer to a standard of PLN.Needs to be evaluation of the composition, materials and manufacturing process of ceramic test specimen. Keywords :  raw material ceramic, specimens test, puncture voltage test, ceramic material quality.

scholarly journals Analisis faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi pada industri rumah tangga (studi kasus : industri kerupuk udang di Desa Lambur Luar Kecamatan Muara Sabak Timur Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Trisa Mushandry Pratiwi ◽  
Hardiani Hardiani ◽  
Adi Bhakti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
The Village

The purpose of this study is (1) To analyze the socioeconomic characteristics of Producers in the Shrimp Crackers Home Industry in the Village of Lambur Luar Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, (2) To analyze the effect of capital, labor, prices and raw materials on production in the Home Industry Shrimp Crackers in Lambur Luar Village, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. The results showed that all independent variables (capital, labor, prices and raw materials) affected the production of the shrimp cracker industry in Lambur Luar Village. Judging from the test results obtained by the coefficient of determination ( ) of 0.963460. This is aimed at capital, labor, prices and raw materials able to influence production by 96.34 percent and the remaining 3.66 percent for other variables not included in this study. Whereas if tested partially, capital, labor, price and raw material variables have a positive and significant effect on production in the shrimp cracker industry in Lambur Luar Village.

U.S. Refining — Changing Supply and Slate Requirements

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Charles L. McSpadden
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Refining Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Product Demand ◽  
Crude Oil Prices ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The U.S

With international refining industries facing a number of challenges in the near future, it seems clear that those who survive will be ones with the ability to turn serious problems into real opportunities. In the U.S. refining industry, challenges such as slow growth in product demand, increasing reliance on imported raw materials, and continued exposure to offshore exporting refineries will have critical effects on the ability of the industry to capitalize on available opportunities. Other challenges include the ability to tolerate continued declines in crude oil quality and the serious monetary questions related to compliance with environmental legislation, including air, soil, and water clean-up. This paper presents the challenges which the U.S. refining industry faces over the coming years, and seeks to address those issues which will impact the success or failure of the industry as a whole. The paper begins with a focus on the demand for U.S. petroleum products, encompassing brief historical data and forecasts of demand for the next few years. Closely related to demand is the subject of U.S. refinery operations, including product import and yield patterns. In this vein, the paper offers forecasts of crude runs to stills, as well as forecasts of capacity changes. Because profitability of U.S. refineries is affected by raw material costs, the paper next probes the possibilities resulting from world crude oil price fluctuations, considering the reemergence of Iraq as a market player. Forecasts of profit margins for U.S. refiners in 1998 are also offered. Turning to crude oil supplies and qualities, the paper examines the downward trend of U.S. crude oil production, providing a forecast of the decline by 1998. An associated trend, that of U.S. crude oil imports, is also evaluated, with a discussion of the origins of these imports included. The paper then presents a brief discussion of the principal recipient of Canadian crude oil exports, the U.S. Midwest (PADD II), encompassing statistics for refinery runs and deliveries of crudes. Volumes of Canadian crude exported to the region are also presented, as well as crude oil qualities in the region. Finally, heavy crude oil prices are examined because of the degradation of average crude oil qualities consumed by U.S. refiners. Spreads between light and heavy crudes are contemplated, with a forecast for the current-dollar WTI/Maya price spread provided.

PERBAIKAN MUTU BALL CLAY UNTUK BAHAN BAKU KERAMIK HALUS DENGAN PROSES PENGENDAPAN = THE IMPROVEMENT QUALITY OF BALL CLAY FOR FINE CERAMIC RAW MATERIALS USING PRECIPITATION PROCESS.

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Wahyu Garinas
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fine Ceramic ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Ball Clay

Ball clay quality are derived from within the country is very variety and generally rather difficult to get raw materials as needed. This research used ball clay from the West Kalimantan and West Java area.Ball clay is one of the most important raw materials for the manufacture of fine ceramic. To get the ball clay raw materials in accordance with the standards it is necessary to processing of raw materials. Processing of ball clay in this research conducted by precipitation and filtration magnet. Testing of ball clay raw materials are : test chemical composition by wet methods (SNI. 15-0449-1989) and grain size of raw material (SNI.15-0578-1996). Ball clay that has been processed will be tested with the same method of SNI. Test results before and processed will be compared with a standard of quality ball clay(SNI, NGK, India) for fine ceramic materials. The test results of chemical composition and grain size ball clay raw material showed that samples from west kalimantan qualified for fine ceramic materials and samples from other areas did not meet the standards (SNI, NGK, India). ABSTRAKMutu ballclay yang terdapat di dalam negeri sangat beragam dan umumnya agak sulit mendapatkan bahan baku yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan ball clay yang berasal dari daerah Kalimantan Barat, Jawa Barat dan Jawa Timur. Ball clay merupakan salah satu bahan baku penting untuk pembuatan keramik halus. Untuk mendapatkan bahan baku ball clay sesuai dengan standar maka perlu dilakukan pengolahan bahan baku. Pengolahan ball clay dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara pengendapan dan penyaringan magnet. Pengujian terhadap bahan mentah ball clay meliputi : uji komposisi kimia dengan metode basah (SNI. 15-0449-1989) dan pengujian besar butir (SNI.15-0578-1996). Ball clay yang sudah diolah nantinya akan diuji dengan metode SNI yang sama. Hasil uji sebelum dan terolah akan dibandingkan dengan standar mutu ball clay untuk bahan keramik halus. Hasil uji dari komposisi kimia dan besar butir ball clay bahan mentah menunjukan bahwa sampel dari Kalbar memenuhi syarat untuk bahan keramik halus dan sampel dari daerah lainnya ternyata tidak memenuhi standar (SNI, NGK. India).

Research on the Technical Conditions on Synthesizing Calcium Zirconate Material

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 1765-1770
Author(s):  
Jie Gang You ◽  
Guo Dong Zhang ◽  
Dian Li Qu
Keyword(s):  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Calcium Zirconate ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Zirconia Powder ◽  
Impurity Composition ◽  
Synthetic Rate ◽  
Moulding Pressure ◽  
Transmission Quality

The synthesizing CaZrO3are prepared with fused zirconia powder (0.044mm), monoatomic zirconia powder (0.044mm), desilication zirconia powder (0.044mm) and calcium oxide powder (0.044mm). The effect of different moulding pressure and firing temperature on synthesizing CaZrO3has been studied in this paper. The test results show that: The impurity composition SiO2and Al2O3in raw material have participated in reaction, and generated liquid, accelerated transmission quality speed of reaction. Desilication ZrO2is the best ZrO2raw material to synthesizing CaZrO3in above three ZrO2raw materials, firing temperature markedly influence the synthetic rate of CaZrO3, but moulding pressure is not this. Desilication ZrO2and CaO as raw material, firing 1600°C for 3h, pressure at 160Mpa and one stage burning process are the best technical conditions to synthesize CaZrO3.

scholarly journals Analisis Pengendalian Kualitas Bahan Baku Acrylic Resin Pada Produk Spray Paint di PT X

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Nurlita Utami ◽  
Sena Atmaja ◽  
Yogi Priyo Istiyono
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Poor Adhesion

Thermo Plastic Acrylic resin has an important role in the manufacture of spray paint, namely as a binder or binder. The resin in paint has a function as a film formation, has adhesion to the substrate as well as pigment binders and additives, so that to produce a spray paint with good quality mechanical properties, PT X must be selective in controlling the quality of the raw material for Thermo Plasic Acrylic Resin. The purpose of this study was to determine the problems faced by PT X related to the quality of Thermo Plastic Acrylic Resin raw materials, to identify the most dominant factors affecting the quality of these raw materials and to formulate the most appropriate solutions to be applied in improving the quality of these raw materials. This research uses observation, interview, and literature study methods. Sources of data came from stakeholders and quality control staff of PT X. This study used check sheets, histogram diagrams, u-control maps, and fishbone diagrams to complete the analysis process. From the test results of the Thermoplastic Acrylic Resin raw material, it is known that the factor that causes rejection is due to adhesion, namely 53.57%, gloss 33.33%, and dry touch 13.10%, all three of the total raw materials that are rejected when the raw material is applied in form paint and spray on the film plate. The most dominant cause of reject was poor adhesion, namely 53.57% of the total reject raw materials.

scholarly journals Briquette Fuel - An Option for Management of Mikania micrantha

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Man Singh ◽  
Mridaney Sharma Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Mikania Micrantha ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Combustion Tests

Mikania micrantha (mile- a-minute in English) is assessed as one of the six high risks posed IAS in terrestrial ecosystem in Nepal and is as a considered second biggest threat after deforestation to biodiversity conservation. It is becoming pervasive and estimated to have covered over 20% of the Chitwan National Park. A survey was conducted jointly with NTNC, TCN and NAST to establish the estimates of available Mikania biomass raw material. After being cut, it can even regenerate by old rootstocks, runners and suckers. It does not have much use after manual removal. So, using dried biomass for briquetting to get fuel may be an option for its utilization. Different types of briquettes using biomass as well as char were made from its raw materials. Various physical and fuel characteristics of the briquette fuels and combustion tests were performed and studied as an alternative fuel. Different test results show that the use of this weed to produce briquette fuel will generate a potential source of alternative energy and will also help in conserving biodiversity in long run. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 109-114 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8930

scholarly journals The Gel Soap with Raw Materials of Lerak Fruit (Sapindus rarak DC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Fitria Wijayanti ◽  
Mayang Sari ◽  
Roni Suprayitno ◽  
Dian Aminin
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Noble Metal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Quality Testing

Lerak (sapindus rarak DC) is one of the plants that is often used as a noble metal washer, facial cleanser as a remover for acne and as an insecticide, especially earthworms. In this study the manufacture of soap gel by using Lerak plants. Lerak fruit (Sapindus rarak DC) is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as an alternative in soap raw materials. Lerak fruit (S. rarak) contains several secondary metabolites. The most dominant secondary metabolite is saponin. These saponins act as raw material for making soap. The purpose of this study is the use of natural materials, especially Lerak fruit as raw material for gel soap Tests conducted on soap are foam test, soap quality with experiments on several stains and organoleptic soap tests. The results obtained Lerak fruit can be used as raw materials for soap. The foam test results on the soap found that the soap foaming durability was longer. The results of soap quality testing on several stains namely charcoal stains, soy sauce stains and sauces prove the soap can clean stains well. The organoleptic results get a distinctive aroma, odor, and average of density are 1.01.

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