Attributed State Actors

Chapter 4 looks at the technical aspects and effects of some attributed and high-profile state-sponsored cyber-attacks that have been encountered through our interaction with the networked world. Coverage also includes a look at the approach of nation-states against commercial companies as well as government institutions to achieve various objectives. The author uses these scenarios to focus attention on the important pillars of cyber security that all have important interrelationships in safeguarding of data and information. Within the context of their implementation, a weakness or series of weaknesses within one or more pillars can be enough to facilitate a cyber-attack. These pillars are underpinned by important factors, and the impact of improper cyber security considerations can be directly and indirectly problematic to continued e-commerce and our constructive evolution of knowledge sharing across the internet.

Endosymbiotic Evolution of Algae, Secondary Heterotrophy and Parasitism

Photosynthesis is a biochemical process essential for life, serving as the ultimate source of chemical energy for phototrophic and heterotrophic life forms. Since the machinery of the photosynthetic electron transport chain is quite complex and is unlikely to have evolved multiple independent times, it is believed that this machinery has been transferred to diverse eukaryotic organisms by endosymbiotic events involving a eukaryotic host and a phototrophic endosymbiont. Thus, photoautotrophy, as a benefit, is transmitted through the evolution of plastids. However, many eukaryotes became secondarily heterotrophic, reverting to hetero-osmotrophy, phagotrophy, or parasitism. Here, I briefly review the constructive evolution of plastid endosymbioses and the consequential switch to reductive evolution involving losses of photosynthesis and plastids and the evolution of parasitism from a photosynthetic ancestor.

Evolución arquitectónica de la Iglesia y Claustro de las Aguas en Bogotá (1644-1889)

Resumen: El presente artículo responde al cuestionamiento ¿cuál ha sido evolución constructiva del conjunto arquitectónico de Las Aguas durante el periodo colonial?. La respuesta incluyó la identificación, transcripción, comparación y estudio de las fuentes primarias y secundarias: escritos de otros autores, planos, grabados, fotografías, levantamientos. El estudio comparativo permitió identificar acontecimientos como el inicio, los cambios y las permanencias de una construcción que en términos generales surge en medio del proceso de evangelización en la capital del Nuevo Reino y va cambiando de usos frente a hechos como las luchas de independencia, las guerras civiles del siglo XIX y epidemias como la viruela. ___Palabras clave: Arquitectura colonial, Iglesias doctrineras, Conventos, Dominicos, Hospital militar, molinos. ___Abstract: This article responds to the question “what was the constructive evolution of the Architectural Cooperative of ´Las Aguas´, during the colonial period?” The response to this question includes: the identification, transcription, comparison and study of primary and secondary sources, writings of other authors, plans, prints, photographs and surveys. The comparative study made it possible to identify events such as the beginning, changes and permanence of a construction that in general terms arose in the midst of the process of evangelization in the capital of the “Nuevo Reino.” additionally, during this period the article addresses changes the architectural cooperatives implemented in relation to events such as the struggles for independence, Civil wars of the XIX (19th) Century and epidemics such as smallpox. ___ Keywords: Architecture religious, Doctriners churches, Convents, Dominicos, Military Hospital, Mills. ___Resumo: Este artigo responde ao questionamento sobre o que foi a evolução construtiva do conjunto arquitetônico das Aguas durante o período colonial? A resposta incluiu a identificação, transcrição, comparação e estudo de fontes primárias e secundárias: escritos de outros autores, planos, impressões, fotografias, pesquisas. O estudo comparativo permitiu identificar eventos como a iniciação, mudanças e permanência de uma construção que, em termos gerais, surge no meio do processo de evangelização na capital do Novo Reino e foi mudando seus usos em face de eventos como lutas pela independência, guerras civis do século 19 e epidemias como a varíola. ___Palavras-chave: Arquitetura colonial, igrejas de doutrina, conventos, dominicanos, hospital militar, moinhos. ___Recibido: 9 de junio 2017. Aceptado: 14 de julio de 2017.

Project-Based Learning in Chemical Engineering Education Using Distance Education Tools

This chapter will exhibit the experience of applying project-based learning in different subject matter, identifying and comprehending the efficiency of this teaching methodology from an analysis of the activities undertaken. The subjects focused on were transport phenomena and unit operations in chemical processes. The methodology of project-based learning is to associate concepts acquired during classes and integrate them with other subjects in order to integrate the parts into the whole. It develops a variety of skills in addition to technical ones, such as cooperation, communication, involvement, knowledge construction, decision making and problem solving. All these skills being supported by the use of distance education tools. The creation of the subjects in a virtual environment sustains student materials previously required for project development. It also monitors of student activity (access by frequency statistics), and facilitates communication. The motivation and interactivity aspects have been shown to be positive with students and professors systematically involved in the constructive evolution of both individual and group knowledge.