Flavonoids and Limonoids Profiles Variation in Leaves from Mandarin Cultivars and Its Relationship with Alternate Bearing

Alternate bearing in citrus trees has been extensively studied as a key feature for citrus growers. Although the genetic and the biochemical process occurring during alternate bearing has been studied extensively, there is a lack of information identifying the presence of metabolic indicators during “on” and “off” years. In citrus plants, leaves play a central role in the metabolic pathway triggering the flowering induction process. To investigate the changes during this transition, a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the leaf profiles of 20 compounds (17 polyphenols, two limonoids, and one furanocoumarin), in bearing and non-bearing branches arising from four different mandarin genotypes, was performed. The same metabolites were found in all the genotypes at both stages: both limonoids and 11 polyphenols. Using these compounds, the chemotaxonomic differentiation between cultivars was assessed. The levels of flavanones and limonoids showed differences in both bearing stages and the transition from vegetative to flowering could be shown by the activation of the polyphenol biosynthetic pathway, from precursors like naringenin to metabolic end-points such as narirutin and polymethoxyflavones. Narirutin levels showed significant differences between both stages, suggesting it as a possible marker of the physiological status of the branch.

Wine Yeasts 1.0

The conversion of grape juice into wine is a complex biochemical process involving alcoholic fermentation, production of wide range of metabolites and interactions of yeast strains, bacteria and fungi [...]

AgAnt: A computational tool to assess Agonist/Antagonist mode of interaction

Activity modulation of proteins is an essential biochemical process in cell. The interplay of the protein, as receptor, and it's corresponding ligand dictates the functional effect. It is imperative to decipher the receptor-ligand functional effect for understanding native biochemical processes as well as for drug discovery. Experimental activity determination is a time extensive process and computational solution towards prediction of activity specific to the receptor-ligand interaction would be of wide interest. We train machine learning models to differentiate between agonist and antagonist protein-ligand pairs and deploy a pairwise approach to utilize the properties of both the receptor and the ligand.

Ligase v1

In vitro DNA molecular linkage is a biochemical process catalyzed by DNA ligase to form phosphoid bond between the 5 '-end phosphoric acid and the 3' -end hydroxyl group adjacent to two double-stranded DNA fragments under certain conditions.

Bull Sperm Capacitation Is Accompanied by Redox Modifications of Proteins

The ability to fertilise an egg is acquired by the mammalian sperm during the complex biochemical process called capacitation. Capacitation is accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the mechanism of redox regulation during capacitation has not been elucidated. This study aimed to verify whether capacitation coincides with reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins (oxPTMs). Flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analyses were used to verify the sperm capacitation process. A fluorescent gel-based redox proteomic approach allowed us to observe changes in the level of reversible oxPTMs manifested by the reduction or oxidation of susceptible cysteines in sperm proteins. Sperm capacitation was accompanied with redox modifications of 48 protein spots corresponding to 22 proteins involved in the production of ROS (SOD, DLD), playing a role in downstream redox signal transfer (GAPDHS and GST) related to the cAMP/PKA pathway (ROPN1L, SPA17), acrosome exocytosis (ACRB, sperm acrosome associated protein 9, IZUMO4), actin polymerisation (CAPZB) and hyperactivation (TUBB4B, TUB1A). The results demonstrated that sperm capacitation is accompanied by altered levels of oxPTMs of a group of redox responsive proteins, filling gaps in our knowledge concerning sperm capacitation.

A protocol for the study of the rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids of lipid supplements mixed with forages using an in vitro approach

The rumen biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids has an important effect on the final compositional quality of ruminant meat and milk. Hence, diverse methodological approaches have been developed to understand and modulate this biochemical process that occurs in the rumen. Therefore, in the current method article, a protocol is presented to conduct an in vitro assay for understanding the biohydrogenation of dietary fatty acids in the rumen. The protocol enabled the evaluation of the effects of different relationships between linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in supplements on the production of fatty acid intermediaries derived from the biohydrogenation of these unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen, with satisfactory results.

5. Powering a cell

This chapter looks at some examples of how the groups of major macro- and micromolecules that play a role in biochemistry work in unison, creating interconnected pathways of chemical reactions. The biochemical process that collects the Sun’s rays and uses their energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrate is photosynthesis. The most common light harvesting pigments are chlorophylls. Living organisms, including humans, then utilize the stored chemical energy in the carbohydrates, releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. The chapter then highlights the process of glycolysis, a ten-step metabolic pathway, with each step catalysed by specific proteins.