Morphometric characteristics of the structural components of the intervertebral disc in rats at different times of the experimental opioid exposure and after its withdrawal

Background. The world and domestic literature from time to time report about the problems of uncontrolled drug abuse. This problem is associated not only with the negative impact on the morphological structure, but also is a serious factor which, if it has been exposing for a long time, leads to disability and death. Despite a significant number of studies in this area, the problem of changes in the morphometric parameters of the intervertebral disc’s structural components under chronic exposure of opioid agents still remains unresolved. That is why the study of morphometric characteristics of the intervertebral disc’s structural components under experimental opioid exposure will be interesting for both - morphologists and practical traumatologists. Objective. To study the morphometric parameters of the structural components of the intervertebral disc in rats at different times of the experimental opioid exposure and after its withdrawal. Methods. The objects of the study were 61 mature outbred male rats, weight - 80-135g, age - 4.5-7.5 months. Animals were injected with nalbuphine intramuscularly once daily (at 10-11 am) for 42 days. Histological specimens were stained with alcyan blue (for the study of the collagen fibers thickness of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments) and PAS-reaction (for the study of the gelatinous nucleus and its capsule thickness). For measurements of collagen fiber thickness, were taken images at x100 magnification, for measurements of the gelatinous nucleus and its capsule thickness - at x40 magnification. Measurements were performed with ImageJver software. 1.51 using the tool "straight" for linear measurements. Results. Thus, changes in the collagen fibers thickness of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments during the experiment were uneven and had different tendencies. The thickness of the posterior longitudinal fibers changed mostly within the central trend of the control group with a significant decrease only at the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks. However, more significant, as for pathogenetic changes, was a sharp decrease in the number of fibers thicker than 25 μm in animals of the experimental group after 2 weeks of the study, and the maximum thickness at 5th and 6th week was only 31.41 μm and 35.24 μm whereas the maximum thickness of the control group was 81.48 μm. In the withdrawal group, only a decrease in sites with nuclear edema can be considered positive, which is displayed by morphometrical decrease in the maximum value, but the central trend remains much lower than in the control group, which also indicates the predominance of decompensatory changes. Conclusion. During the whole experiment, we observed similar changes in the nucleus capsule thickness: non-systemic fluctuations of the central parameters ​​up to the 5th week and a sharp decompensation at the 6th week, which was manifested by a sharp decrease in thickness. Simultaneously, we observed numerous sites of edema and thickening by more than 100 μm on the 2nd week. Despite a general decrease in median and quartile at this time, such sites were also noted at the 6th week. Thickness of the nucleus capsule in the withdrawal group did not demonstrate significant dynamics and remained similar to those at the 6th week. Although, this can be interpreted as the stabilization at a certain level without further negative dynamics.

Caries de la infancia temprana en población de 3 a 5 años de edad

La caries de la infancia temprana (CIT) se desarrolla poco después del inicio de la erupción de los primeros dientes temporales, evoluciona rápidamente e implica un riesgo mayor de nuevas lesiones y atención de urgencias. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de CIT en preescolares entre 3 y 5 años de edad, al sur de la ciudad de México. Metodología. Estudio transversal y descriptivo, con una muestra por conveniencia de niños que asistían a una escuela de educación preescolar. Se conformó por 136 infantes (82 niñas y 54 niños), previo consentimiento informado de los padres, cuya edad promedio fue de 4.3±0.8 años. El diagnóstico clínico de la CIT lo realizaron dos examinadores calibrados (Kappa 0.89, P<0.001) con criterios de la OMS. El análisis se realizó en el programa SPSS y consistió en medidas de tendencia central, dispersión y X2 (P<0.05). Resultados. La distribución de la población por género y edad no mostró diferencias significativas (P>0.124). La presencia de CIT afectó a 63.4% de niñas y 61.1% de niños sin diferencias (P=0.786). La prevalencia de CIT a los 3 años fue de 40.7%, a los 4 años de 78.9% y a los 5 años de 62% (P=0.007). Los incisivos centrales superiores tuvieron el mayor número de superficies cariadas, seguidos por los primeros molares y los dientes menos afectados fueron los laterales inferiores. La superficie oclusal/incisal fue la de mayor presencia de caries. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de CIT fue alta en esta región de la ciudad y los dientes más afectados fueron los centrales superiores. Early childhood caries (ECC) is developed a little after the beginning of the eruption of the first temporary teeth, it evolves rapidly and implicates a major risk of new lesions and urgent attention. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of ECC in pre-school students between three to five years of age, in the south of Mexico City. Methodology. Transversal and descriptive study, with a convenience sample of pre-school children. It was formed by 136 infants (82 girls and 54 boys), with previous informed consent from the parents, and whose average age was of 4.3±0.8 years. The clinical diagnose of the ECC was performed by two calibrated examiners (Kappa 0.89, P<0.001) following the WHO criteria. The analysis was made using the SPSS program with central trend measurements, dispersion and X2 (P<0.05). Results. The distribution of the population by gender and age did not show any significance differences (P>0.124). The presence of ECC affected 63.4% of the girls and 61.1% of the boys with no differences (P=0.786). The prevalence of ECC at three years of age was of 40.7%, at four of 78.9% and at five of 62% (P=0.007). The central superior incisor teeth had the highest number of surfaces with cavities, followed by the first molars, and the inferior lateral teeth were the least affected. The oclusal/incisal surface was the one that presented more cavities. Conclusions. The prevalence of ECC was high in this region of the city, and the most affected teeth were the central superior ones.

Salary scale and the diversity of wage systems

In any society or group, the behavior and manner of acting that are highly rated can be estimated based on the level of appreciation given by the group to that level of behavior. This reward system will be studied to show the kinds of behavior group members are expected to get by the group and the kinds of behavior that - through the reward system - will be strengthened and perpetuated in the group. The study of the wage and incentive systems of Japanese factories revealed very well the differences between Western industry and modern Japanese industry. The study also showed both the types and magnitude of the differences that underlie attitudes and behaviors that distinguish modern industry in Japan from that in the United States. In the following discussion, the wage system in one factory will be examined in detail to illustrate the particular central trend that appears in all studied factories. Since the monetary wage system for work performed is only a part of the entire wage system, it will also examine the general pattern of non-monetary benefits, welfare efforts, incentive programs for workers, using specific plans and costs of a particular factory.

“Life” is more important than “freedom”: Currently central trend within mythology of liberal and democratic process

Reasons and consequences of changes within motivational sphere of contemporary liberal and democratic politics in our country and abroad are analyzed in the article. Inherent in recent liberal and democratic politics, social and mythological concept that civil freedoms are the supreme value and any sacrifices (made by a man or society) to defend them are reasonable is gradually displaced with another stereotypical and socially valuable precept. According to it, nothing in politics (nor even struggle for civil freedom) is a sufficient motive for a modern man living in (or dreaming of becoming a part of it) a consumerist society to compromise on material welfare, let alone life. The tendency of spreading this new trend in motivation of liberal and democratic process to motivational sphere of Russian politics is noted.

Problems and perspectives of state regulation of system of education in the context of provision of Russia’s national security

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current problems and the main perspectives of the development of state regulation of the Russian system of higher education in the context of the provision of Russia’s national security. Design/methodology/approach The research of formation of the system of national security in Russia and the problems of the development of education is based on the methods of Russian and foreign Institutionalists (D. North, S.G. Kirdina, R.M. Nureev, Y.V. Latov, etc.). The research is also based on the theory of inequality in the system of education (D.L. Konstantinovsky), the idea of cultural aspects of social inequality (Pierre Bourdieu) and the theory that connects the problem of the development of the educational system with the system of national security and social inequalities (A.V. Vereshchagina, S.I. Samygina, etc.). Findings The modern state and perspectives of state regulation of higher education in the modern Russian conditions are analyzed in this paper. A complex analysis of risks of the modern state of Russia’s educational system is performed, and educational inequality as a risk to national security is studied in this paper. Perspectives of state regulation of higher education in view of the national model of socio-economic activities and principles of national security are viewed in this paper. The main directions of improving the educational system in the context of the provision of national security of the state are given in this paper. Research limitations/implications The results of the research could be used for correcting the main directions of Russia’s socio-economic policy in the long term. The central trend of this policy is the reformation of the development of the sphere of education as a factor of the formation of the system of Russia’s national security. Practical implications The results of the research could be used for correcting the main directions of Russia’s socio-economic policy in the long term. The central trend of this policy is the reformation of the development of the sphere of education as a factor of formation of the system of Russia’s national security. Social implications The ideas of the research could stimulate the reconsideration and harmonization of perspectives of the development of social policy of the state, which includes the interaction of the development of higher education and system of national security. Originality/value Originality of this paper consists in setting the problem of the implementation of social senses of the development of state policy in the sphere of higher education into the discourse of theoretical and practical consideration of the problems of national security.

Una mirada a los estereotipos de la violencia simbólica en los contextos educativos

This research provides insight into the most current topics from the perspective of educational figures regarding stereotypes that surround symbolic violence, including vocational orientation or curriculum, sexuality, racism, economic level, machismo and violence per se. It is observed how within today's society these topics become a topic of discussion, so it is important to know the factual reality offered by statistics to determine how they are presented in schools. The aim is to know the reality that confines symbolic violence in schools. The methodology used is quantitative at a descriptive level frequently and percentage for signalitic and univariable analysis with central trend and dispersion statistics. The contribution is an objective look at the current situation of symbolic violence in educational contexts, from the perspective of teachers.

The influence of context in the implementation of a smart city project: the case of Cidade Inteligente Búzios

The growth of urban population is widely acknowledged to be a central trend that poses challenges for the administration of cities worldwide. In this context, several advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been developed to gradually transform urban centers into smart cities. In this article, we seek to contribute to filling a knowledge gap in the literature on smart city - namely the lack of empirical data in works on this subject - by investigating a project aimed at turning the municipality of Búzios in Brazil into a smart city, named Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Our objective is, thus, to describe and understand the controversial influence of the context in the implementation of the project, which was considered a success for some actors and irrelevant for others, a situation that defies the very concept of success in the implementation of smart cities.

HOW FUNCTIONAL DATA CAN ENHANCE THE ESTIMATION OF HEALTH EXPECTANCY: THE CASE OF DISABLED SPANISH POPULATION

The aging of population is perhaps the most important problem that developed countries must face in the near future. Dependency can be seen as a consequence of the process of gradual aging. In a health context, this contingency is defined as a lack of autonomy in performing basic activities of daily living that requires the care of another person or significant help. In Europe in general and in Spain in particular, this phenomena represents a problem with economic, political, social and demographic implications. The prevalence of dependency in the population, as well as its intensity and evolution over the course of a person’s life are issues of greatest importance that should be addressed. The aim of this work is the estimation of life expectancy free of dependency (LEFD) based on functional trajectories to enhance the regular estimation of health expectancy. Using information from the Spanish survey EDAD 2008, we estimate the number of years spent free of dependency for disabled people according to gender, dependency degree (moderate, severe, major) and the earlier or later onset of dependency compared to a central trend. The main findings are as follows: first, we show evidence that to estimate LEFD ignoring the information provided by the functional trajectories may lead to non-representative LEFD estimates; second, in general, dependency-free life expectancy is higher for women than for men. However, its intensity is higher in women with later onset on dependency; Third, the loss of autonomy is higher (and more abrupt) in men than in women. Finally, the diversity of patterns observed at later onset of dependency tends to a dependency extreme-pattern in both genders.