Levels of Living of Woman Labour Households in Rural Punjab: An Empirical Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 229-238
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Household Assets ◽  
Average Woman

Based on primary data collected from 1017 woman labour households spread over the three geographical regions of Punjab, the study brought out that the levels of living of these households were very low. A large majority of the respondents were living in semi-pucca houses and most of their houses were in dilapidated condition. The woman labour households, on an average, earned `77198.48, and spent `85621.77 annually in the rural areas of Punjab. Out of the total consumption expenditure, 57.34 percent was spent on non-durable items. Because of the excess of consumption expenditure over the household income, the average propensity to consume worked out to be 1.11 for an average woman labour household. As a result, an average household in the sample incurred a deficit. The study revealed that a large majority (93.71 percent)of the woman labour households were under debt. The average amount of debt per household was recorded at `53916.45. The estimated value of their household assets worked out to be `132386.26 out of which 62.93 percent was only shared by the dwelling houses. To improve the economic conditions of woman labour households, the central and state governments must take strong initiatives for creating sufficient employment opportunities and should effectively implement the policies meant for them.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF UMNO AND PARTI AMANAH NEGARA (AMANAH) IN THE GE-14 AND POST GE-14

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. 30-58
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
General Election ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Political ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Deputy Minister

The 14th General Election, 2018 (GE-14, 2018) has taken place and is finished with calm and full of surprises. For the first time, the Barisan Nasional (BN), which was promoted by the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), has lost its main opposition party, namely Pakatan Harapan (PH) using the Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) logo along with the Parti Warisan Sabah (WARISAN). Thus, BN/UMNO also failed to defend its power after 63 years of mastering the rule of the Federal Government. The atmosphere of euphoria or the feeling of excitement among the people in this country is the result of the GE13 2018 demands for the necessity of a new Federal Government regime that is different from the previous BN government rule. The new atmosphere is also called ‘New Malaysia’. The results of the 2018 General Election can be highlighted in the performance of political parties competing in the GE. In the context of this article, UMNO and AMANAH were chosen to analyze the performance of the political party in the 2018 General Election because of UMNO’s status as an old political party (founded in 1946) while AMANAH is a newly formed political party in 2015 which is a PAS splinter party. It is important to see the old party's performance experienced in the political and governance (UMNO); and realistic, professional, progressive, and dynamic new party (AMANAH) formed as a result of the original party (PAS) was not suitable for mixed ethnicity in this country and seen as a conservative party. The writing of this paper uses primary data (the result of GE2018) and secondary data processing (information from published sources) that are critically and rationally analyzed and based on current ‘real politics’ in the country. The findings show that although UMNO as a spear in BN has lost federal and state levels the political party still retains control over the majority of Malay ethnic voters in rural areas. UMNO managed to dominate Pahang and Perlis State Governments in addition to being the majority opposition in parliament. AMANAH, however despite not contesting many parliamentary and state seats resulting from the distribution of election seats among the parties in PH but still managed to win seats in urban and semi-urban areas composed of mixed ethnic groups. People's representative from AMANAH also managed to oversee the post of the Chief Minister in the State of Malacca besides receiving the post of EXCO in several State Governments as well as the post of Minister and Deputy Minister at the Federal level. After the PRU 2018, it appears that there are some scenarios in the current issue that involve the continuity of UMNO and AMANAH politics which may affect the direction of the two parties towards the next general election.

scholarly journals Mobile Money, Output and Welfare Among Smallholder Farmers in Ghana

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402093111
Author(s):  
James Atta Peprah ◽  
Clement Oteng ◽  
Joshua Sebu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Mobile Money ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Adoption Effect ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of mobile money (m-money) adoption on some household outcomes such as farm output, welfare (consumption expenditure), and wealth (value of assets). Using primary data collected from three districts in Ghana, three Propensity Score Matching methods were employed to estimate the m-money adoption effect on the household outcomes. It is found that advertisements and higher than basic levels of education, among other variables, were important in influencing the adoption of m-money among smallholder farmers. The adoption of m-money was also seen to have an enhancing effect on the household outcome variables (farm output, welfare, and wealth) of smallholder farmers. The results suggest that mobile money can help enhance some of the smallholder economic outcomes that are relevant for rural development and poverty reduction. Policy options should consider expanding m-money services to smallholder farmers in rural areas.

KAJIAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR DALAM PROSES PEMBANGUNAN DESA DI ERA OTONOMI DAERAH DI KECAMATAN SINONSAYANG

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2A) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Mareine Warouw ◽  
Ricky Leonardus Rengkung ◽  
Paulus Adrian Pangemanan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
District Office ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Administrative Services ◽  
Energy Assistance

The purposes of this research are: 1) describes the process of rural development in Sub Sinonsayang; 2) examine the factors in the development process of regional autonomy era village in the district of South Minahasa regency Sinonsayang. The method used in a descriptive study using a quantitative approach, among others, using a Likert scale, ie research which is then processed and analyzed to be concluded, using primary and secondary data. Primary data is data obtained directly in the field through direct interviews with respondents. Secondary data were obtained from the District Office and the Central Bureau of Statistics Sinonsayang South Minahasa District. The results showed that: first, the process of rural development in Sub Sinonsayang starting from the planning, implementation and maintenance of development. while the second: 1) factor of natural resources which consists of land owned by the community, the results and the types of commodity crops, and the number of livestock and meat production of commodity fish catches with the overall average amount is 2.59 and included in the category "large enough"; 2) human resources consisting of level of education completed and ability or skill that people have shown an average of 2.72, and these results are categorized as "good enough"; 3) economy consists of taxes and incomes gained an average of 3.5, and are categorized as "good"; 4) public services which consist of services in the realization of development, the service performance of the apparatus, the timeliness of administrative services, facilities and infrastructure availability services overall average of 3.9, including the category of "good"; 5) community participation that includes community involvement in rural development through meeting attendance, willingness to provide energy assistance, money, materials, and maintenance and keep construction with an average of 4.7, and are categorized as "very good".

Financial Innovations and Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Naomi Wanja Ireri ◽  
Gladys Kimutai
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Internet Banking ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Financial Innovations ◽  
Automated Teller Machine

Commercial banks in Kenya have embraced alternative banking channels which represent a shift in delivery of banking and financial services since the alternative banking have become synonymous with commercial banks in Kenya. While banks have succeeded in leveraging available technology and provide alternative avenues to customers for banking services, the challenge it faces today is optimizing the usage of these channels so as to improve on their performance. The general objective of this study was to investigate the effects of financial innovations on the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the influence of internet banking, mobile banking, agency banking and ATM banking on the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study was guided by agency theory, balanced score card and diffusion of innovation theory. This study employed a descriptive research design. The study targeted44 commercial banks in Kenya as at 2017. The 16 banks which embrace all the four financial innovations from 2013 to 2017were selected using purposive sampling method. The sample size was 80 respondents who comprised of 5 senior management employees in each of the selected banks.This study used questionnaire to collect primary data from the respondents. Content analysis technique was used to analyze qualitative data collected from open ended questions in and reported in narrative form. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to analyse the quantitative data. Multiple regression analysis was used to show the relationship between independent variables against dependent variable. The study revealed that internet banking, mobile banking, agency banking and ATM banking had a positive and significant effect on the performance of commercial banks. Thisstudy concludes that the banking industry has benefited tremendously from the development of the Internet. The Internet fundamentally changed the way in which banking networks are designed to meet the client demands and expectations. Mobile banking provides a good opportunity to commercial banks in Kenya to reach many mobile phone subscribers in Kenya who had remained unbanked and unreached due to limited access to bank branch networks in the country. The access to the large masses through mobile banking of the population gives banks the opportunity to grow by reaching the unbanked population. Agency banking has led to accessibility of financial service to many customer in remote areas and hence an increase in effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery. Customers are satisfied with the automated teller machine services because of ease of use, transaction cost and service security but not satisfy with automated teller machine dispense of cash. The study recommends that the public and businesses must be encouraged to use Internet banking in their daily activities, including deposits, payments and money transfers. Commercial banks in Kenya should ensure convenience and security of mobile banking through written guidelines on convenience and security of mobile banking. Commercial banks in Kenya should increase the number of agents in estates and in the rural areas. This can be done by reducing the requirements of becoming a bank agent. The banks should employ customized software that records relevant information on automated teller machine cards so that banks can establish whether unauthorized transaction has taken place or not.

Level and Pattern of Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households among Different Regions of Punjab

2021 ◽  
pp. 468-473
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

The present study, dealing with the inequality in consumption of the rural households across the different regions, is based upon the primary data of the Punjab state. The analysis showed that Malwa excelled other two regions in the per capita consumption. The highest average propensity to consume was observed for Doaba, and it was the lowest for Malwa. All the rural households except large farm of all the three regions and medium farm households of Malwa and Majha were in deficit. Considering all households together, the inequality of household consumption expenditure was relatively high in all three regions, with the same being highest in Majha, followed by Malwa and Doaba. The concentration of consumption expenditure among the land-owning households was greater than the landless households.

scholarly journals Savings Behavior of Government Salaried People in Unakoti District of Tripura

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Sukharanjan Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Savings Behavior ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Savings Rate ◽  
The Government

As per rules, the Savings practice of Government salaried people is mandatory up to a stipulated amount of monthly salary. According to GPF, EPF and NPS Rules, a predetermined amount is deducted by the employer at source for the future wellbeing of the concerned employee and invest to GPF, EPF, NPS, etc. In addition to these mandatory savings, employees can save their money to other savings instruments according to their capability and other conditions. As most of the government employees in Unakoti district of Tripura are working with small designations and salaries, they are not able to save more in addition to mandatory savings. Fixed Pay Employee (FPE), Contract Base Worker (CBW), Per Time Worker (PTW), Monthly Pay Worker (MPW), Daily Rate Worker (DRW) are the working conditions where employees get less amount of salary in comparison to regular employees. Under these conditions, their savings rate is also low in comparison to other employees. Other Sources of income, spouse job, dependency ratio, age, literacy level, educational qualification and availability of savings instruments nearby employees are an important aspect for better understanding of savings improvement in the District. The present study entitled “Savings behavior of Government Salaried People in Unakoti District of Tripura” is an empirical study based on primary data and secondary data. The study reveals that the savings rate of salaried people in Unakoti District of Tripura is growing slowly. Financial literacy, reduction of dependency ratio by employment generation programs, Massive awareness program and availability of savings instruments in the rural areas may make a vigorous savings environment in Unakoti District of Tripura.

scholarly journals Regional Development of Rural Tourism: The Case of the Gorska Hrvatska Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Nina Baković
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Practical Recommendations

AbstractAn approach to sustainable tourism through clusters is considered an appropriate strategy in less-developed rural areas of tourist-oriented countries, such as Croatia. This paper clarifies the key challenges of the development of tourism clusters in the region of Gorska Hrvatska and provides new data for an approach to sustainable rural tourism development. Using available secondary data from governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations, protected areas of Gorska Hrvatska, and primary data of the Lika Destination Cluster, the paper explores the key challenges of developing a cluster of tourism and selective forms of tourism. Most tourism clusters in Croatia have remained in the first phase of development for years, even though this approach has failed to to achieve significant results. The key benefits of networking and branding in rural areas are identified and defined, but these potentials are still largely underutilized. The objective of this study is to provide practical recommendations to the Croatian tourism industry on how to learn from the suggested best practices and how to implement them effectively. For that purpose, the case of sustainable tourism located in the Gorska Hrvatska region, called the Lika Destination Cluster is analyzed.

scholarly journals FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF POVERTY AND WELFARE IN BOKI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Rosemary I. Eneji ◽  
Attah Frank
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
The Social

The worsening state of poverty among rural farmers in Nigeria’s Cross River State has attracted great concern from government and its agencies but farmers’ perception of poverty and welfare is little understood. In this study, it was determined whether and how the social variables of income, healthcare and education affect farmers’ perception of poverty and welfare in Boki Local government area. Primary data were derived from one hundred (100) respondents, randomly drawn from the study area using standard questionnaires and analysed using the chi-square technique. There was a significant direct relationship between income level, health care, education and nutrition on one hand and welfare of farmers on the other. Evidence from this field study strongly suggests that poverty alleviation programmes and infrastructural projects should be extended to rural areas for improved welfare and livelihood. However, farmers do not necessarily perceive poverty based only on the variables studied.

scholarly journals Impact of Microfinance on Income and Employment in Pakistan: A Primary Data Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
Shahina Imran ◽  
Rana M. Imran Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Small Enterprise ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Primary Data Analysis ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Household Assets ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: This paper investigates impact of microfinance on household income and employment. It is a primary data research conducted in the Bahawalpur division, Pakistan. The study employed the tool developed by Assessing the Impact of Microenterprise Services (AIMS) and Small Enterprise, Education and Promotion (SEEP). The tool has been modified in local context. The sample consists of 1524 respondents, out of which 773 are established clients (treatment group) and 751 are incoming ones (control group), belonging to different microfinance providers of Pakistan.  Independent Sample T-Test and Multiple regressions have been used for analysis. The regression analysis shows that participation to microfinance program has strong positive impact on household income while very minute positive impact on employment. Other independent variables such as prior access to any other loan, micro saving, household assets, age of respondent, gender, education and household size have positive impact on household income but a mixed impact on income generating activities.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Group Lending Development at the Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development: A Case Study in Bac Giang Branch II

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-688
Author(s):  
Do Quang Giam ◽  
Dao Thi Hoang Anh ◽  
Vu Ngoc Huyen ◽  
Lai Phuong Thao ◽  
Dao Huu Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Group Lending ◽  
The Status ◽  
Lending Activity

Group-based lending is a form of loan provision for individuals and households in rural areas for production and consumption purposes. Proceeding from the imbalance between demand and supply on small-scale capital, and also Government policies on sustainable poverty reduction, the Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Agribank) has coordinated with its local authorities and socio-political organizations to provide loan services via group lending. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the status of group lending development of the Agribank-Bac Giang Branch II. The paper used secondary data collected from the branch and primary data gathered from 50 representative customers and 10 credit officers related the group lending of the branch. Data analysis methods consisted of descriptive statistics and comparative analysis, incorporated with the measurements for bank performance and quality. The findings show positive prospects in both the bank and customers for the development of group lending activity and obstacles in the group lending development of the branch. The paper also proposes some solutions for the branch to tackle difficulties and promote the development of group lending in the branch in Bac Giang province.

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