In the Realm of Comrades? Scattered Thoughts Occasioned by the Centenary of the Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921–2021

This brief essay meditates on the advent of the ideal of horizontal social relations, exemplified in the early CCP years in the political term, “comrade” (tongzhi). It takes up Qu Qiubai as exemplary of a Marxist political thinker whose commitments to horizontality/comrade relations can be illustrated through his theories of literature, translation and language. It proposes that despite Xi Jinping's recent rhetorical admonishments to re-activate “comrade” as a political term, it is the LGBTQ community's appropriation of “comrade” in contemporary China that actually holds the potential for a substantive reanimation of the utopian ideals begun a century ago.

The Venture of the Gospel

This chapter examines the theo-economics of Philippians 1, with some consideration of Philippians 4. It focuses on the financial valences of koinōnia, a term that is often translated as “sharing” or “fellowship” but whose ancient context largely deploys the term in contracts, including land leases and marriage contracts. While in a letter like 1 Corinthians one finds ekklēsia discourse, in Philippians one instead finds koinōnia. That is, 1 Corinthians uses a political term to describe the organizational relationships among the members of the community, while Philippians uses a theo-economic term to describe the organizational relationship between Paul and the Philippians. By thinking about the broader context of the term as one in which parties share risk and reward, one can better understand how a “koinōnia in the gospel” may have been heard and received as a venture. A focus on the “venture of the gospel” in Phil 1:5 also helps explain the language found in Paul's discussion of his imprisonment as a contribution to the prokopē (progress) of the gospel venture (1:12). The chapter concludes with an examination of Philippians 4, arguing that it is only within the full theo-economic picture of Philippians 1 that one can understand Philippians 4's language of abundance and lack in relation to the Philippians' financial support for Paul.

India, Racial Caste, and Abolition in Charles Sumner's Political Thought

In recent years, scholars across the humanities have argued that the nineteenth-century American abolitionists articulated important conceptual lessons about democracy. This essay contributes to this literature by newly interpreting the political thought of Charles Sumner. Regnant scholarly treatments of Sumner have been narrowly biographical. I shift focus by examining his use of the word “caste” as an analytic and political term. The article demonstrates that Sumner adopted the language of caste from missionary accounts of caste hierarchy in India; that he used this information to argue that there was an oppressive analogue at home: racial caste; and that, accordingly, Sumner's conception of abolition included the dismantling of racial caste and the cultivation of interracial republican association.

A comparative critical metaphor analysis on the concept of democracy in Turkish and American English

This corpus-based study concentrates on the metaphorical conceptualizations of the concept of ‘democracy’ in Turkish and American English to find out how this socio-political term is conceptually represented in the minds of Turkish and American speakers. The database consists of 4000 concordance lines that were extracted from four different corpora: TNCv3.0, TS Columns, COCA, and NOW. Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004) and MIP (Pragglejaz, 2007) were employed in the identification, explanation and interpretation of metaphors. Findings indicate various linguistic metaphors that can be grouped under several source domain categories including physical object, conflict and living organism as the most frequent ones. The most widespread metaphor in Turkish is democracy is a destination, whereas it is democracy is war in American English, embodying two different worldviews. The study proposes that the way the concept of democracy is composed has a role in manipulating people’s perception of the type of a democracy they are ruled by.

The specificity of political lexicon in the English language

The subject of this research is the political lexicon in the English language. The article examines the criteria fir determination of political lexicon, provides definitions of this term to various scholars, frames the definition of political lexicon, and highlights its peculiarities in the English language. The author also explores the question on the relationship between political lexicon and political (sociopolitical) terminology; defines the concept of “political term”; describes the main means and methods of enriching political lexicon in the English language. The following methods were applies in the course of study: general scientific method for collection of the existing literature on the topic; systematization and generalization for formulation of fundamental concepts of research; random sampling for selecting the examples; contextual analysis for determining the peculiarities of functionality of phrases within the system of English political lexicon and mass media; as well as translational analysis. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this article allows establishing the status of political theme within the lexical system of English language, since for the current stage of development of linguistic a promising trend is the determination of morphogenetic linguistic phenomena. The author also describes the main means of enriching the lexicon on the example of research material, which allows reflecting the development trends of political lexicon in the modern English language.

ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL CARTOON IN JAKARTA POST E-PAPER

This study was concerned on the way the author explores the hidden meaning and message in semiotics signification of President Jokowi cartoons in Jakarta Post e-paper. The writer focused on five cartoons of President Jokowi published by Jakarta Post e-paper and wanted to know about the hidden meaning and message that tried to convey by the Jakarta Post e-paper. Furthermore, this research covered an interdisciplinary study that scopes semiotics and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA, in which the researcher tried to unhook the messages and explain the linguistic means of that construct the hidden message and ideology of the cartoons. In conducting the research, the researcher used Peirce's semiotic and Van Dijk's ideological square model. The researcher used purposive sampling in taking data. The total of the data analyzed was five cartoons. From the analysis, the message conveyed in the first cartoon criticizes to President Jokowi’s decision which is rated as indifference. The second cartoon also criticizes President Jokowi rated as pretend to against china's exploration. Furthermore, the third cartoon criticizes President Jokowi controlled by some political parties. Meanwhile, the fourth cartoon criticizes President Jokowi as a President uneasily defeated in a political term, but ignoring the humanity, and the last cartoon criticizes about President Jokowi and Prabowo similarities with previous President in terms of attitudes. The researcher also got the linguistic as means of used to convey the message such as the choice of a figure of speech.

Phenotypic Heterogeneity and the Unviability of Latino as a Unit of Analysis

This article reviews the literature on the impact of phenotype on those classified as Latino to ascertain whether Latino is a suitable unit of analysis. The literature shows that phenotype has statistically significant effects on educational attainment, wages, job prestige, and other life outcomes; further those with more European phenotypes generally have more favorable life outcomes. These differences are obscured when Latino is used as a unit of analysis, suggesting that Latino is not a viable unit of analysis. Using Latino as a unit of analysis serves to misallocate resources intended to benefit victims of racial discrimination to Latinos with European phenotypes, as well as hiding the impact of discrimination on those with African or Amerindian phenotypes. The origin of Latino as a political term that attempted to distance and at the same time bring its members closer to whiteness makes its failure as a scientific tool unsurprising. Further research is needed on the impact of phenotype, and other areas of heterogeneity such as culture, religion, and language.

Von einer „Imperatorix“ zu einer „mulier clara“. Kaiserin Konstanze im Spiegel von „Liber ad honorem Augusti sive de rebus siculis“ und „De claris mulieribus“

The following paper discusses the image of the Staufer empress Konstanze. This important political person was described in two books. On the one hand, Peter of Eboli draws her as a female heroine; on the other hand, the famous writer Giovanni Boccaccio projected his misogyny on her. Their depictions of Konstanze differ enormously due to various ideological mindsets. This text shows how a person herself can become a political term.

Dominasi Orang-Orang Besar Dalam Sejarah Indonesia: Kritik Politik Historiografi dan Politik Ingatan

This paper departs from the restlessness of some scientists about the dominant of the big man in Indonesia's historical narrative. It also becomes a form of public memory about the meaning of heroism which is more likely to be cultured rather than understanding academically. This article was composed an academic criticism of the conditions mentioned above, the political term historiography or historical writing that is used as a political interest is the most appropriate in describing Indonesia's current historiographic conditions. The dominance of the big man in history requires to be distorted and historiography needs to provide a place for stories of local heroes. Besides, memory politics also requires to be dammed through a counter-narrative that can be presented through critical historical studies, so that the desire to remember the forgotten will continue to live and become a guide for thinkers and activists of history.

Critical Literacy in the Post-Truth Media Landscape

In the post-truth era, information is harder to trust than ever before. News has become more about entertainment than information and consumers now subscribe to media in order to have their view reinforced and not challenged. The media environment has become more tribal, defining the people who consume it. On top of this environment, the plague that is fake news has descended upon the internet, making truth a relative concept rather than a scientific one. Navigating the media and finding truth in current events has become a confusing process. In the wake of the major events of 2016 – Brexit and the United States election, two events that were defined by misinformation, lies and fake news – post-truth emerged as a political term to define the era we now live in. It is one where truth is of little value and people give in to the politics of emotion rather than fact. This sets a dangerous scene for democracy and threatens to undermine any major future democratic processes. In order to alleviate this issue, a critical media literacy must be adopted in education. Students need to be given the tools to critically analyse media as well as understand the structures of power behind media organizations, what their goals are and who they serve. In doing so, fake news can lose much of its power and truth can emerge.