Laborer Identification and Monitoring System: Dactyloscopy on the Plantations of East Sumatra, 1926-1980

This study aims to explore and discuss laborer identification and monitoring systems on East Sumatran plantations during 1926-1980. It is focused on the implementation of dactyloscopy, archives that have never been researched it all, which had replaced the anthropometric identification system as the reference to determine the criminal justice system. The data used is the dactyloscopy archive in the office of the Sumatra Plantation Company Cooperation Agency and the Indonesian Plantation Museum in Medan City. Data were analyzed using a historiographic approach. The study found that dactyloscopy was part of the modernization of the administrative and bureaucratic systems in plantations. The novelty of the study that the implementation of dactyloscopy in plantation communities is in line with the high crime of labor against employers. Therefore, there is a major distinction in the implementation of dactyloscopy before and after the independence which has been influenced by the logic of colonialism and independence. During the colonialism period, dactyloscopy was used to identify and monitor taming laborersin plantations, while post-independence and nationalization it was used as a modern labor control system.

Komunitas Berbaju Hitam: Sejarah, Perempuan, dan Pendidikan dalam Masyarakat Adat Tana Towa Kajang, Sulawesi Selatan

Studies on the Ammatowa indigenous people have been carried out by several researchers. Unfortunately, none of these studies have focused on the role and position of women in the Ammatowa people, both in their daily lives and in regard to education. Therefore, this study fills that void. This study aims to identify the position and role of women in the life of the Ammatowa people; what specific roles are performed by women in customary areas; and how the traditions are still firmly held provide space for women to express themselves. As a study of a unique community, this study uses an ethnographic approach, by collecting, classifying, and analyzing the various positions of women in the Ammatowa Kajang community. In the traditional structure of Tana Towa, women have an important, strategic and respected position. In the structure of these customs, there is an important role played by a woman called Angrota who has the task and responsibility of preparing all the needs for traditional ceremonies, facilitating the selection of Ammatowa and inaugurating them. In the economic aspect, women have an important role in supporting the family’s financial, such as weaving, selling in the market, and farming. Meanwhile, education for Tana Towa women is still a major issue that needs serious attention. It is because the education world is related to issues of customs, and the family economy.

Eksistensi Kerajaan Bunga Bali di Alor pada Masa Pemerintahan Raja Baololong Kaay, 1840-1875

This article aims to reveal the economic, political and social conditions of the Bunga Bali Kingdom during the reign of King Baolong Kaay in 1840-1875, as well as to revealing his role in political diplomacy in the Lisbon Treaty which certainly had shown existence of the Bali Bunga Kingdom. This study focuses on the locus of the territorial area of the Bunga Bali Kingdom which is centered at Alor Besar. This study uses a historical approach by emphasizing historical facts. Data were obtained from literature or document studies, observations, field studies, and oral traditions. According to this study, there is an economic dependence of the community on the agricultural, livestock and fishery sectors, as well as the political situation. The Bunga Bali Kingdom has 10 Adang villages, three Islamic villages, and seven Pura villages. This study also reveals the social relations of local communities that did not recognize the division of social classes. On the other hand, the emergence of King Baololong as a mediator in the Lisbon treaty in Sago (Solor) was an important turning point because it resulted in an agreement on the territorial division and recognition for the Portuguese and the Dutch. The territories of Kolana, Batulolong, Kui, and Mademang were given to the Dutch, while the island of Atauro was given to the Portuguese. Meanwhile, based in the participation in the Lisbon, it was a medium of achievement and pride for the community as well as to strengthen the ties of brotherhood and cooperation between Galiyau Watang Lema and Solor Watang Lema.

Dutch Colonial Infrastructure Development in Takengon, 1904-1942

The events of the Gayo-Alas War that occurred between the Gayo-Alas people against the Dutch colonial marked the end of the Aceh War. This bloody conflict also marked the Gayo Plateau region, especially Takengon, which was occupied by the Dutch colonial authorities. Since then, Takengon, which was originally just an inland region of Aceh, has begun to grow, especially its infrastructure. Therefore, this study aims to examine the infrastructure that was built in the colonial era (1904-1942). The method used in this study is the historical method, which consisted of five analytical stages, namely topic selection, heuristics, leverage, interpretation, and historiography. The results of the study show that since the Dutch colonial came to the Gayo Takengon Plateau in 1904, Takengon was more developed comparing to previous period, all of which was inseparable from infrastructure development by the Dutch colonial. Some of the infrastructures were built successfully, there were the main road between Bireuen and Takengon, central government, Dutch and Tionghoa society, market, and Dutch school. The development of infrastructure also has had an impact for Takengon's area, such as the new society along Bireuen-Takengon highway, and the construction of Takengon-Gayo Lues' road. In addition, the opening of the road was aimed at opening the Dutch plantations and the private sector has made the emergence of the society's settlements, like in Redelong, Pondok Baru (Janarata), Lampahan and Isaq.

Belajar dari Kemenangan Jepang pada Perang Tsushima: Pembangunan Kekuatan Militer Melalui Industri Strategis

The various wars that have been passed have had implications for the development of Japanese combat conditions. One of the wars that sparked the rise of Japanese combat technology was the Tsushima War of 1905, marked by the use of new weaponry such as torpedoes and telegraphs. Japan's victory in the Tsushima War has proven that Japan has advanced weapons technology and has proven to be able to compete with Russia. This study provides a very important lesson and can be a reflection for Indonesia in the development of a naval military force. By using historical methods and defense economic theory approaches, this study discusses efforts to increase the strength of the main weapon system of the Japanese special navy. The results of the study show that the efforts made by Japan put a lot of emphasis on the strategy of developing the defense industry. The rise of the defense industry has become an integral part of military power building. In that context, Japan does not only involve the military, but also develops human resource capacity and increases research in the field of technology. The existence of good cooperation between the government, industry players, and academia is also the main pillar in the effort to build a naval military force.

Jejak Historis Situs Eksplorasi Minyak Bajubang, Jambi

This article raises a discovery of one of the cities rich in potential oil resources in Indonesia, precisely at Bajubang, Jambi Province. This article is based on research conducted using historical methods including the collection of primary and secondary sources, including archival and literature studies, observations, as well as in-depth interviews. Since the discovery of the first oil in Bajubang Laut in 1916 by the Dutch through their oil company namely, Nederlandsch-Indische Aardolie Maatschappij (NIAM). The oil exploration in Bajubang raised a conflict between the Dutch enterprise and the United States enterprise called Standard Vacuum Petroleum Maatschappij (SVPM). Bajubang exploration site is one of the best and largest in the world that produces the best quality oil up until now. It is pure oil, contains good gas pressure, and low wax content. Bajubang had been ruled by three different eras, including NIAM which was under the Dutch government in 1920-1942, the Japanese colonial period from 1942-1945, and post-independence operated by the Republic of Indonesia Oil Company (PERMIRI) which has been changed to Pertamina. The glory of Bajubang oil exploration site occurred when PERMIRI produced avian turbine products as aircraft fuel. Bajubang exploration site also leaves historical traces such as hospitals, Dutch settlement, Japanese cave, PERMIRI oil refinery, mining equipments, churches, cinemas, schools, oil pipelines, and golf courses.

Peranan Wan Akub di Muntok Bangka Abad ke-18

The development of Muntok could not be separated from the long historical story of its original name. This research is presented the background of Wan Akub's arrival in Muntok and his role in the government and economy in the 18th century. This study uses historical methods emphasizes on the biographical approach. Wan Akub is the head of government in Muntok who was sent by the Palembang Sultanate as well as the head of tin mining. Some of his policies were to open an irrigation system or help the tin mining process in Muntok as economic resources for the locals. There were various policies that had been made a considerable influence in Muntok. He imported tin miners from Johor and built clay fortresses to reduce ethnic disputes in Muntok as well introduced tin tiban regulations. He also initiated the distribution of tin products as a form of remuneration. In addition, the migration of Wan Akub's relatives from Siantan left for Bangka acquired by new skills in cloth weaving technique called Cual.

Langkah “Merah” Pemikiran Pendidikan Tan Malaka, 1919-1921

The historiography of Tan Malaka, which has been frequently found, discusses his personality as a revolutionary figure, living from one prison to another. The consistency of Tan Malaka in struggling for the absolute independence has been studied for years by the Dutch historian, Harry Poeze. Departing from historiography about Tan Malaka in which have written by Harry Poeze, this study uses the historical method. It discusses Tan Malaka's thoughts on education which originated from his publication in 1921 entitled Sarekat Islam and Onderwijs. Where it can be seen that Tan Malaka puts education as a political tool, in which it has the goal of shaping Indonesian people not only to be intelligent but also to refine their feelings. He rejected the rote learning method that make people become foolish and mechanical-type like machines. Tan Malaka's figure as a political actor has been scrutinized and written comprehensively by using historical source which become adequate. However, there are still very few studies that discuss Tan Malaka's thought. In the activities of practical politics, Tan Malaka was a productive revolutionary figure eflecting his thoughts in a number of works. Not many of the published works have examined Tan Malaka's thoughts about his views on education. Tan Malaka is a movement figure who chose studies in the field of pedagogy (education).

Editorial

Puji syukur ke hadirat Tuhan YME, rasanya adalah kalimat yang paling pantas, untuk menandai penerbitan Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha, Vol. 5 (2) 2020 ini. Edisi yang ditertibkan di penghujung pergantian tahun ini, sekaligus menjadi wujud semangat tim editorial Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha untuk tetap produktif di tengah pandemi Covid-19. Kondisi pandemi, tidak hanya telah mengubah cara hidup masyarakat, tetapi juga mengubah (atau setidaknya mempengaruhi), habitus bagaimana kajian-kajian sejarah dilakukan. Salah satunya adalah akses sumber-sumber sejarah yang dahulu “harus” diperoleh secara luring, saat ini didominasi cara-cara daring. Sebagai akibat dari pandemi, beberapa situs penyedia sumber, buku, jurnal, dan surat kabar, yang dahulu terbatas serta berbayar, saat ini keterbatasan tersebut telah dibuka seluas-luasnya.

The Rapid Growth of Coconut Estates in Indragiri Hilir 1980s – 1990s

Coconut estate is one of the vital agriculture sub-sectors in Indonesia because it has an important role in absorbing employment. In the early 20th century, Netherland Indies was one of the major copra exporters globally, and the eastern region of Nusantara contributed as the leading producer. However, in the 1930s – 1950s, the coconut-based economy's contraction phase in the eastern region had weakened the whole production. The Indonesian government tried to recover coconut estates and its economic market through several efforts, such as rehabilitating smallholder coconut estates, recovering copra trading, and starting coconut industrialization. Used historical research methods, this article described the shifting of Indonesia coconut-based economy from the past center of trade and production, in the eastern region of Indonesia, to a recent major producer and industry cluster in the Indragiri Hilir, Riau Province. In the 1980s – 1990s, the government efforts to improve coconut commodities have led to shifting the Indonesian coconut-based economy to Indragiri Hilir. Several policies issued by the government such as Smallholder Coconut Development Project, Proyek Peremajaan Rehabilitasi dan Perluasan Tanaman Ekspor (PRPTE), Nucleus Estate Smallholder (NES), Nucleus Estate Smallholder Transmigration (NES-Trans), and the local government funding, as well as the liberalization of coconut trading regulation, had stimulated rapid growth of coconut estates in Indragiri Hilir. Even though several schemes and governments attempt to develop smallholder coconut estates, the expansion rate was mostly dominated by self-funded smallholder coconut estates. During the 1980s – 1990s, the increasing demand for coconut from large-scale processing industries had attracted the smallholder to cultivate coconut.