MSSA: Constant Time State Search through Multi-Scope State Area

In the stateful data plane, the switch can record the state and forward packets based on the local state. This approach makes it possible to integrate complex network applications into the data plane, thus reducing the amount of communication required between the switch and the controller. However, due to the time it takes to look up the state for packets, packet-forwarding latency has increased. With increased network traffic, a large number of states may be recorded in the switch, and the problem of increased packet-forwarding latency caused by the lookup state becomes more serious. In this paper, we propose the multi-scope state area (MSSA) for recording state inside the switch, which can achieve a fixed-time state lookup in a large-scale state. MSSA divides the state sharing scope by associating with the switch’s multiple match–action tables, and the shared scope is used to determine the state area for recording state. When processing a packet, the state required will only be in a limited number of states that are recorded in a few state areas. We implemented a prototype pipeline that supports MSSA based on Intel’s DPDK framework and investigated the effect of state type, number, location, and comparison method on state search/insertion time. The results show that the cost of MSSA search state is constant, regardless of the number of states, and MSSA has a high space utilization rate.

Research Methods

This chapter reviews research methods in the study of welfare states and social policy, focusing on causal research. It addresses both comparative studies, which address the experiences of two or more country or subnational cases and historical studies, which address over-time variation, often with deep knowledge of cases, based on primary research. It also addresses combined comparative and historical studies. The chapter highlights the variety of methodological work in the welfare state area and delineates the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches employed. These methods range from in-depth historical analyses of a single-country case, historical analyses of a few countries, and Boolean Qualitative Comparative Analyses (QCA) across medium-N samples of countries to cross-sectional, event history, and pooled cross-sectional and time-series analyses of large numbers of countries. The chapter concludes with suggestions for synthesizing, triangulating, and combining methods in order to minimize the disadvantages and maximize the advantages of different approaches.

Distribution of the monthly global solar irradiation in the State of Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: To estimate the monthly average global solar irradiance (Rg), using observed cloudiness data (% of cloudy days), as well as its spatial distribution for the state of Tabasco, Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approximation: The proposed model by Tejeda-Martínez et al. (1999) was adjusted to estimate the Rg of 35 meteorological stations in the state of Tabasco. The adjustment was performed with daily observed Rg data fromeight automated weather stations and cloudiness data from eight ordinary weather stations. Results: The proposed model reports a good fit, given that its prediction was optimal according to Willmotts comparison parameter (c = 0.89), and excellent based on the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (E = 0.99) and had a high corrected determination coefficient of Rc2 = 0.87.Study limitations/implications: It is necessary that in the state of Tabasco the number of automated stations increase, as well as technical maintenance to the existing stations.Findings/conclusions: The estimated Rg is statistically reliable. The highest Rg values occurred during the dry season, with a maximum of 22.99 MJ m -2 d -1 , distributed mainly in the northern part of the state. The lowest Rg values occurredduring the northeast season (12.52 MJ m -2 d -1 ), distributed in more than 80 % of the total state area.

A possible Laurentian volchoviid ophiocistioid from the Katian of southwestern Ohio

The Cincinnatian (Katian) of the Cincinnati Tri-State area is widely regarded as one of the most fossiliferous sections known (Meyer and Davis, 2009). Echinoderms from these strata include well-described asteroids, crinoids, cyclocystoids, edrioasteroids, glyptocystoids, mitrates, and ophiuroids. John Pope discovered a partially articulated echinoderm in float from the Fairview Formation that does not correspond to any known Cincinnatian echinoderm. Although mentioned in Ubaghs (1966, as a presumable personal communication from Pope, 1960), Haude and Langenstrassen (1976), Reich (2001), and Reich and Haude (2004), this specimen at the Cincinnati Museum Center (CMCPIP 51316) has neither been described nor illustrated; yet, these authors attributed it to Volchovia Hecker, 1938 in the Class Ophiocistioidea. Questions swirl around this fossil: what is its complete morphology; does it belong to Volchovia; whether or not it can be assigned to Volchovia, is it an ophiocistioid? The first step to understand this enigmatic echinoderm is to illustrate and describe the specimen, which is the objective of this note.

Open-label phase 3 study of intravenous golimumab in patients with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Objectives To assess efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of intravenous (i.v.) golimumab in patients with polyarticular-course JIA (pc-JIA). Methods Children aged 2 to <18 years with active pc-JIA despite MTX therapy for ≥2 months received 80 mg/m2 golimumab at weeks 0, 4, then every 8 weeks through week 52 plus MTX weekly through week 28. The primary and major secondary endpoints were PK exposure and model-predicted steady-state area under the curve (AUCss) over an 8-week dosing interval at weeks 28 and 52, respectively. JIA ACR response and safety were also assessed. Results In total, 127 children were treated with i.v. golimumab. JIA ACR 30, 50, 70, and 90 response rates were 84%, 80%, 70% and 47%, respectively, at week 28 and were maintained through week 52. Golimumab serum concentrations and AUCss were 0.40 µg/ml and 399 µg ⋅ day/ml at week 28. PK exposure was maintained at week 52. Steady-state trough golimumab concentrations and AUCss were consistent across age categories and comparable to i.v. golimumab dosed 2 mg/kg in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Golimumab antibodies and neutralizing antibodies were detected via a highly sensitive drug-tolerant assay in 31% (39/125) and 19% (24/125) of patients, respectively. Median trough golimumab concentration was lower in antibody-positive vs antibody-negative patients. Serious infections were reported in 6% of patients, including one death due to septic shock. Conclusion Body surface area-based dosing of i.v. golimumab was well tolerated and provided adequate PK exposure for clinical efficacy in paediatric patients with active pc-JIA. ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02277444

Does vegetation greening partly offset increasing rainfall pressure? Risk assessment of the water erosion tendency in China over the past 20 years.

<p>Soil water erosion is a severe environmental issue which seriously damaging the sustainability of agriculture. Regional climate change could aggravate the threat of erosion, whereas vegetation greening in China (an increasing trend in vegetation cover) could act as a mitigation to the threat. On the basis of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, we proposed a framework for performing an assessment of water erosion risk in China during 1998-2018. A contribution index was constructed to describe the influences of rainfall erosivity and cover management on water erosion risk changes in China during 1998-2018. The research objective was to explore the spatial pattern of water erosion risk change in China in recent decades and to identify the factor that has the largest contribution to the risk change. Results showed that: (a) The area with decreasing water erosion risk in China accounted for 34.97%, and the area with significant decreasing trends accounted for 20.04% of the middle and highly risky state areas. (b) The region that rainfall erosivity contributed more than cover management for absolute value accounted for 76.54%, whereas the contribution of cover management was increasing. (c) Vegetation greening can partly offset the stress caused by climate change. Water erosion risk in China decreased more than increased in risky state area. The pixels with cover management contribute more than rainfall erosivity was concentrated within the area where risk is decreasing, indicating a great contribution of vegetation greening to the risk mitigation. Consequently, enhancing the vegetation growth in the highly risky state water erosion region could reduce the erosion threat in China.</p>