The 2020 Updated KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease

Over the last 2 decades, there has been a great accumulation of new evidence regarding the management of nutritional and metabolic aspects of kidney disease. The 2020 update to the KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD provides a comprehensive up-to-date information on the understanding and care of patients with CKD. It provides updated information on nutritional aspects of kidney disease for the practicing clinician and allied health-care workers. The current manuscript provides an overview of the updated guideline statements on major subjects including nutritional assessment, dietary protein and energy intake, nutritional supplementation, micronutrients, and electrolytes. The guidelines are focused on dietary management rather than all possible nutritional interventions.

Sustainability of the Legal Endowments of Water in Almond Trees and a New Generation of High Quality Hydrosustainable Almonds

The great consumption of water and its scarcity in many areas of the world leads „irremediably” to accept that Spanish agriculture, like other Mediterranean agricultures, must adapt to the lack of this natural resource. Deficit irrigation (DI) strategies are routine practices used worldwide in order to increase net farm income by growing the crops effectiveness to use water. The importance of using this type of strategies is the fact that farmers have the opportunity not just to reduce the water consumption but also to obtain hydro sustainable products. Those are “theoretically” characterized by a high accumulation of secondary carbon metabolites in plant and a great accumulation of bioactive compounds in fruit, according to other studies already done in pistachio or table olives. As almond is the major nut crop in Mediterranean area different DI strategies are presented within this review together with their effect on the final product quality. Thus, the aim of the current review paper is to find all the necessary information about which DI strategies are the recommended to be applied in the almond crop in order to obtain high-quality fruits environmentally friendly. In addition, methods used to determine de quality and steps necessary to certify and protect this type of products are also presented.

La “buena universidad” desde la experiencia crítica

RESUMENExiste ya una gran acumulación de trabajos que critican el modo en que la universidad se está concretando, tanto a nivel local comomundial. Las principales críticas se centran en la orientación mercantil, tanto como en el abandono de la identidad basada en laconstrucción colectiva y desinteresada de conocimiento. A pesar de la envergadura de la crítica, las publicaciones no abundan enla descripción de alternativas, que reciben comparativamente muy poco esfuerzo. Se observa, además, que los procesos de cambiose afianzan con rapidez y poca resistencia, por lo que resulta ya urgente dar forma a modos alternativos de hacer universidad. Porello, este trabajo plantea un diagnóstico crítico sobre la institución actual, pero se sitúa en una clara perspectiva propositiva. Para ellorealiza una investigación empírica mediante entrevistas en profundidad a 16 miembros del profesorado universitario español que hanpublicado trabajos críticos en torno a la universidad y a principios rectores o propuestas concretas. El objetivo fue no solo describirsomeramente la universidad que contempla este profesorado experimentado sobre el asunto, sino también identificar barreras para suconsecución y posibles soluciones. Los resultados permiten identificar varias categorías relevantes y diseñar un guion de trabajo paraorientar el proceso hacia la buena universidad.Palabras Clave: Buena universidad, Universidad crítica, Revolución universitaria, Transformación de la universidad.ABSTRACTThere is already a great accumulation of work that criticize the way in which the university is specifying itself, both locally and globally.The majority of the criticism focuses on the commercial orientation, as well as on the abandonment of identity based on the collectiveand uninterested construction of knowledge. Despite the magnitude of the criticism, publications do not abound in the description ofalternatives, which receive comparatively very little effort. It is also observed that the processes of change take hold quickly and withlittle resistance, therefore it appears to be urgent to give shape to alternative ways of making universities. Therefore, this work is placedin a clear propositional perspective. To do this, it conducts an empirical investigation through in-depth interviews with 16 members ofSpanish university teaching staff who have published critical works about the university. The objective wasn’t only the mere descriptionthat these experienced professors contemplate but to also identify the barriers for its achievement and possible solutions. The resultspermit to identify various relevant categories and design a work script to guide the process towards good university.Keywords: Tgood university, Critical university, Revolutionary university, Transformation of the university.

La “buena universidad” desde la experiencia crítica

RESUMENExiste ya una gran acumulación de trabajos que critican el modo en que la universidad se está concretando, tanto a nivel local comomundial. Las principales críticas se centran en la orientación mercantil, tanto como en el abandono de la identidad basada en laconstrucción colectiva y desinteresada de conocimiento. A pesar de la envergadura de la crítica, las publicaciones no abundan enla descripción de alternativas, que reciben comparativamente muy poco esfuerzo. Se observa, además, que los procesos de cambiose afianzan con rapidez y poca resistencia, por lo que resulta ya urgente dar forma a modos alternativos de hacer universidad. Porello, este trabajo plantea un diagnóstico crítico sobre la institución actual, pero se sitúa en una clara perspectiva propositiva. Para ellorealiza una investigación empírica mediante entrevistas en profundidad a 16 miembros del profesorado universitario español que hanpublicado trabajos críticos en torno a la universidad y a principios rectores o propuestas concretas. El objetivo fue no solo describirsomeramente la universidad que contempla este profesorado experimentado sobre el asunto, sino también identificar barreras para suconsecución y posibles soluciones. Los resultados permiten identificar varias categorías relevantes y diseñar un guion de trabajo paraorientar el proceso hacia la buena universidad.Palabras Clave: Buena universidad, Universidad crítica, Revolución universitaria, Transformación de la universidad.ABSTRACTThere is already a great accumulation of work that criticize the way in which the university is specifying itself, both locally and globally.The majority of the criticism focuses on the commercial orientation, as well as on the abandonment of identity based on the collectiveand uninterested construction of knowledge. Despite the magnitude of the criticism, publications do not abound in the description ofalternatives, which receive comparatively very little effort. It is also observed that the processes of change take hold quickly and withlittle resistance, therefore it appears to be urgent to give shape to alternative ways of making universities. Therefore, this work is placedin a clear propositional perspective. To do this, it conducts an empirical investigation through in-depth interviews with 16 members ofSpanish university teaching staff who have published critical works about the university. The objective wasn’t only the mere descriptionthat these experienced professors contemplate but to also identify the barriers for its achievement and possible solutions. The resultspermit to identify various relevant categories and design a work script to guide the process towards good university.Keywords: Tgood university, Critical university, Revolutionary university, Transformation of the university.

Creating extended antimicrobial property in paper by means of Ag and nanohybrids of montmorillonite (MMT)

Silver-clay nanohybrids based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with montmorillonit (MMT) and milled MMT, shortly AgMMTnano and AgMMTmilled, have been prepared to improve the performance of antibacterial properties of paper. The results obtained by dynamic light scattering indicated the presence of silver particles in the nanometer range, which have a great accumulation tendency. The results of AAS and ICP-AES tests showed that nanosilver amount in the AgMMTmilled was doubled compared to the AgMMTnano, but according to the EDX results, the amount of nanosilver in paper treated with the former was less than in the latter. FE-SEM images showed that the dimensions of deposited nanosilver on the surface of clay were smaller than in case of AgNPs alone. Papers treated with nanohybrids had better antibacterial properties compared to that prepared by naked nanosilver. It was also found that the antibacterial property of papers treated with AgMMTnano were more stable during three-stage tests compared to those with AgMMTmilled. Nanohybrids with Ag conc. more than 15 ppm, especially hybrids with Ag conc. of 50 ppm, result in a significant improvement in antibacterial properties of paper. It can be concluded that silver-clay nanohybrid with a 25-ppm concentration of nanosilver could be the best and most economic antibacterial component.

Evaluation of sludge from pond system for treatment of piggery wastes

Stabilization ponds used for the treatment of piggery wastes accumulate sludge over time, which is commonly used in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic potential of this kind of sludge. The samplings were collected in two different phases. The first in two anaerobic ponds (AP1 and AP2) and in one facultative pond with 5 transverse baffles and, the second in the same facultative pond with aeration. The removed sludge of AP1 and AP2 was characterized as rich sludge in volatile solids and with low stabilization, there was a great accumulation of the total phosphorus in the sludge of AP2. The facultative pond presented greater retention of nutrients in the sludge in relation to the anaerobic ponds. The annual accumulation of sludge was 13.3 cm/year in the AP1 and 6.70 cm/year in the AP2, while in the pond with aeration this was on the average of 0.5 cm/year, due to the aeration regime. The sludge can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture, if the chemical characteristics of the soil are taken into account so as to avoid the accumulation of nutrients and damage to plants.

Palynologie et morphogenèse récente dans le bassin du Grizzly Creek (Territoire du Yukon)

Pollen analysis of three sections from the Grizzly Creek basin, Yukon Territory was undertaken in order to reconstruct the paleoecology of the region over the last two millennia.Diagrams for two sites show three well defined pollen zones, whose boundaries are based on fluctuation of pollen spectra. The oldest zone corresponds to vegetation comparable to that of the present and a climate similar to or a little colder than the present climate. In zone 2, the strong decline of Picea is interpreted as a break in pollen production caused by a decrease in precipitation and a warming of the climate. The forest survived for several centuries in a state of degeneration, which favoured the development of a stratum of shrubs and herbaceous plants. Zone 3 reflects a return to vegetation and to climatic conditions similar to those of zone 1.The positions of two layers of volcanic ash, dated at approximately 1230 and 1890 years BP and corresponding to two lobes of White River Ash, indicate the rhythm of sedimentation. The presence of loess in the sediments helps explain the great accumulation of sediment before 1250 years BP and supports an increase in aridity during this period. The pollen record also suggests that the deposition of volcanic ash had an influence on the geomorphological evolution of the area.

Effect of Environmental Factors on Pyrazon Action in Sugar Beets

The effect of temperature and soil moisture content on the toxicity of soil-applied 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (pyrazon) to sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘U.S. H-8’) was studied under controlled environmental conditions. High temperatures during or after germination increased the susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazon while variations in soil moisture content did not have a significant effect. Sugar beet seeds absorbed three times more pyrazon at 35 C than at 18.3 C. During imbibition more than 90% of the pyrazon taken up by sugar beet fruits was concentrated in the pericarps surrounding the seeds. Furthermore, the herbicide which had been accumulated in the pericarp during imbibition did not move into the tissues of the developing seedling during or after germination. Comparative studies showed that there was a lag period in absorption of pyrazon by sugar beet seeds enclosed within their pericarps. This lag period did not occur in sugar beet seeds from which the pericarps had been removed, or in seeds of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). It is concluded, therefore, that the pericarp contributes to a physical mechanism of selectivity which enables sugar beets to avoid great accumulation of pyrazon when the mechanism of biochemical inactivation of the herbicide is not yet operative.

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE OF THE HEART

Glycogen storage disease of the heart is a separate disease entity with distinctive manifestations. Clinical, chemical and pathologic criteria for diagnosis are listed. In a survey of the literature 14 cases were found that fulfilled all requirements. The impression given by the available clinical data is that of an illness remarkably constant in its course and manifestations. Eleven of the 14 patients died between the ages of 4 and 8 months, and the other three at an earlier age. The electrocardiographic findings in three cases are discussed. The pathologic changes were similar in all cases. The outstanding lesions were in the myocardium, but abnormal deposition of glycogen was not limited to this site, being found in many other organs and tissues. In 6 out of 8 cases in which histologic and histochemical studies of skeletal muscles were made, a distinctive type of degeneration was found together with an abnormally great accumulation of glycogen. Analyses of blood and urine performed while the patients were still living were essentially normal. Postmortem chemical studies in six cases confirmed the morphologic demonstration of widespread distribution of glycogen throughout the body. Spontaneous glycogenolysis was shown to occur in the myocardium after incubation at 37° C. for 24 to 48 hours, although to a different degree in the three cases in which it was done. In two of these there was virtually complete disappearance of glycogen from the liver after incubation at 37° C. for 24 to 48 hours. The cause of this rare disease is presumably an inborn error of metabolism transmitted as a recessive genetic character. Whatever the mechanism the condition is incompatible with life for more than a few months, during which cardiac function continually regresses. The most plausible explanation is that the accumulation of glycogen in the myocardial fibers progresses to a point where their contraction is impaired and effective cardiac action is no longer possible. It is pointed out that the term "glycogen storage disease of the heart" is a misnomer, since the disease process is not limited to this organ. On the other hand, as tradition has sanctioned its use, the name may well be retained. A plea is entered for dropping the name "von Gierke's disease of the heart" as leading to confusion with other types of glycogen storage disease. The clinical and metabolic differences between the hepatic and cardiac types of glycogen storage disease are detailed. Other conditions characterized by abnormally great accumulation of glycogen in the myocardium, such as congenital rhabdomyoma of the heart, socalled cardiomegalia glycogenica circumscripta, and occasional cases in which death is sudden though not always explained, are described and the differences with glycogen storage disease of the heart mentioned. Differential diagnosis is discussed and it is pointed out there are no pathognomonic signs or laboratory investigations, except for the histochemical demonstration of abnormal amounts of glycogen in the skeletal muscles. It is suggested that biopsy of skeletal muscle be performed in all cases in which unexplained enlargement of the heart in infancy occurs. This is essential in order to plan ante- and postmortem pathologic and chemical studies.

III.—Researches in Optical Activity. Part I: The Temperature-Rotation Curves for the Tartrates at Low Temperatures

But a few years ago the diverse phenomena of optical activity, such as the changes of rotation which occur with alteration of temperature, of colour of light, of solvent, or of concentration in a solvent, appeared, in spite of the great accumulation of relative data, to be practically independent of each other, and gave very little hope of satisfactory generalisation. Quite recently, however, the possibility of bringing into one scheme all these different branches of the subject has become more than a mere aspiration, and the progress which has been made by several investigators reveals clearly the existence of a deep-seated and farreaching regularity underlying the remarkable sensitiveness to external conditions of the phenomena in question.