Thought fragments of Preliminary Session in Relation to Accusation and Evidentiary Procedure

The present study focuses on preliminary session, which was altered in its function by the resolutions of the new Law of Criminal Procedure (entering into force in 2018), that is Act XC of 2017 (henceforth LCP) with special regard to the relationship between accusation and evidentiary procedure with the help of a case. I also examine the rules of criminal procedure codified in Hungarian judicature, the function and influence of preliminary session, the main characteristics and the place of preliminary session among procedural forms of court procedures. The study examines whether preliminary session regulated by LCP meets the requirements and checks indictment eliminating unsubstantiated procedures. In case it fails to do so, what further regulations are needed to be added to present ones in order to meet requirements with special regard to codification policy embodied in criminal judicature, especially effectiveness, promptness, simplicity and coherence. I examine in details the possibility whether it could be the right and obligation of the court to examine not only the means of evidence deriving from legal elements and other informative elements contained in the presented indictment but also the legality of preliminary sessions and investigation procedures as a legal condition of initiating a court procedure. The study describes the regulation of LCP concerning evidentiary procedures in the preliminary session emphasizing the modifications by Act XLIII of 2020 concerning the interrogation of the accused. I examine its significance and point out whether anomalies in connection with the limits of evidentiary procedure are successfully eliminated in judicature.

Validity of the bench press one-repetition maximum test predicted through individualized load-velocity relationship using different repetition criteria and minimal velocity thresholds

BACKGROUND: More practical and less fatiguing strategies have been developed to accurately predict the one-repetition maximum (1RM). OBJETIVE: To compare the accuracy of the estimation of the free-weight bench press 1RM between six velocity-based 1RM prediction methods. METHODS: Sixteen men performed an incremental loading test until 1RM on two separate occasions. The first session served to determine the minimal velocity threshold (MVT). The second session was used to determine the validity of the six 1RM prediction methods based on 2 repetition criteria (fastest or average velocity) and 3 MVTs (general MVT of 0.17 m⋅s-1, individual MVT of the preliminary session, and individual MVT of the validity session). Five loads (≈ 2540557085% of 1RM) were used to assess the individualized load-velocity relationships. RESULTS: The absolute difference between the actual and predicted 1RM were low (range = 2.7–3.7%) and did not reveal a significant main effect for repetition criterion (P= 0.402), MVT (P= 0.173) or their two-way interaction (P= 0.354). Furthermore, all 1RM prediction methods accurately estimated bench press 1RM (P⩾ 0.556; ES ⩽ 0.02; r⩾ 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The individualized load-velocity relationship provides an accurate prediction of the 1RM during the free-weight bench press exercise, while the repetition criteria and MVT do not appear to meaningfully affect the prediction accuracy.

Preliminary Hearing Judge

A new figure in the judicial system was foreseen in the legal amendments undertaken in the Code of Criminal Procedure, by law no. 35/2017, in the framework of the Justice Reform. The Code of Criminal Procedure has been changed in various aspects, including in here the changes that are related with the subjects of the criminal proceedings. I have previously set out what are the problems that emerged in the criminal process in general, and in the Preliminary phase of Investigation in particular, to understand the effects of this figure and the reason for it to enter into the judicial system. This preliminary investigation control based in ower law now is made by the Preliminary Hearing Judge (PHJ) and the Preliminary Investigation Judge (PIJ). The main task of this article, is to determine the impact that the PHJ has had on the progress of a fair and complete criminal process, since it has been sanctioned by law and has begun its functions. On the other hand what are the issues that this subject presents regarding the functions that the law attributes and their implementation in practice? The main focus of this paper is precisely those legal provisions that have provided for the manner in which this procedural subject operates, to further understand its impact on the criminal process in general and on the preliminary investigation phase in particular. An important aspect is making an overview of the Italian law from where we are based to foresee this judicial figure. After a comparison between these legal provisions we came in conclusion of the problematics that PHJ presents. We outline, at the end of the study, our conclusions arising from the examination of the preliminary session and PHJ, as well as some recommendations that I consider necessary for the process of criminal proceedings, in the light of the changes that have taken place.

Is a Single Preliminary Session of In-office Bleaching Beneficial for the Effectiveness of At-home Tooth Bleaching? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Summary Objectives: To evaluate the effect of combining in-office with at-home bleaching procedures in terms of the time required to obtain satisfactory tooth color, final color changes, and tooth sensitivity (TS) reported by patients. Methods and Materials: Twenty-six patients enrolled in this study used 10% carbamide peroxide in a bleaching tray for 1 h/d until satisfactory tooth color was obtained. One-half of the participants underwent a preliminary session of in-office tooth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide for 45 minutes. The time in days for the patients to obtain satisfactory tooth color by at-home bleaching procedures was recorded. The color change of the maxillary canines was assessed using the Vita Bleachedguide 3D Master scale and a spectrophotometer at 1 week and after the end of bleaching procedures. Participants' satisfaction with their smile was recorded using a visual analog scale, and TS was determined throughout the entire treatment. Data were analyzed by t-test, Mann-Whitney test, or Fisher exact test (α=0.05). Results: The combined protocol reduced (by an average of 3.7 days) the time required to obtain satisfactory tooth color but increased the risk and level of TS. No difference in the final tooth color change (around 5.0 shade guide units; ΔE=11.6–14.9), or the level of patients' satisfaction with their smile, was observed. Conclusions: A preliminary session of in-office bleaching reduced the time necessary to obtain satisfactory tooth color with at-home bleaching but increased the risk and level of TS.

Cardiorespiratory Responses to Continuous and Intermittent Exercises in Children

The aim of the study was to characterize aerobic responses to high intensity intermittent (HIIE) and continuous (CE) exercises in prepubertal children. 26 children aged 8 to 11-year-old took part in a preliminary session to determine peakVO2 and Maximal Aerobic Velocity (MAV). In 5 subsequent experimental visits, the participants completed 2 CE and 3 HIIE sessions in a randomized order. HIIE consisted of short intermittent 10-s and 20-s running bouts at 100 to 130% MAV, interspersed with recovery periods of equal duration (S-HIIE1 and S-HIIE2 respectively) and 5-s of sprinting and jumping at maximal intensity with 15-s recovery periods (S-HIIE3). CE consisted of 2 10-min running periods at 80% and 85% MAV with a 5-min recovery period. CE protocols elicited higher average VO2 and exercise time spent above 95% of peakVO2 compared to the HIIE protocols. S-HIIE 1 and S-HIIE 2 elicited similar average VO2 response, higher than S-HIIE 3. Our study shows that CE activated the aerobic system to a greater extent than S-HIIE in prepubertal children, as reflected by the time above 95% of peakVO2 during exercise. However, isotime S-HIIE protocols comprising 10-s or 20-s exercise bouts at an intensity above MAV result in similar times above 95% of peakVO2 during exercise.

A Multisite Pre/Post Study of Mindfulness Training for Therapists: The Impact on Session Presence and Effectiveness

Background: To date, little research has tested whether the use of mindfulness by clinicians results in actual changes in psychotherapy sessions. The purpose of this multisite study was to test whether a brief 5-week mindfulness training program could lead to improved session presence and effectiveness for trainee clinicians (n = 31). Methods: At the end of 85 pretraining and 132 posttraining sessions, clients completed the client version of the Therapist Presence Inventory (TPI-C; Geller, Greenberg, & Watson, 2010) and the Session Rating Scale (SRS; Johnson, Miller, & Duncan, 2000). Results: Although the levels of client-rated presence did not differ between pretraining and posttraining sessions, sessions that occurred after the training were rated by clients as more effective compared to the pretraining sessions, t(170.91) = 2.63, p = .01, d = .30. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary session outcome evidence supporting mindfulness training for clinicians.

Comparison of Isometric Test Procedures to Assess Muscular Strength in Elementary School Girls

The purpose of this investigation was to compare isometric test procedures (make vs. break tests by muscle groups) with elementary school girls, ages 9–11, using hand-held dynamometry. Fifty subjects in Grades 3 and 4 performed three trials on four muscle groups using each testing procedure following a preliminary session to allow familiarity with the instrumentation, test procedures, and test positions. Retest measurements were taken in 5–7 days with the order of the test procedures counterbalanced. Four 2 × 2 (Side × Test Condition) AM0VAs, with repeated measures on each-factor, were used to analyze the data. Significant Side × Test Condition interaction effects were evident for knee extension, elbow flexion, and shoulder abduction. Except for the knee extension, the break test produced higher values than the make test in all muscle groups, which is in agreement with previous investigations.

Individual Differences in Physiological Responses to Fearful, Racially Noxious, and Neutral Imagery

Mental imagery has recently emerged as an alternative to traditional laboratory stressors in psychophysiological studies. The present study assessed physiological responsivity to fearful, neutral, and racially noxious image scenes in sixty-two black women. In addition, the utility of several personality variables for predicting physiological changes in response to the scenes was assessed. Thirty-one vivid and thirty-one non-vivid imagers participated in a preliminary session during which they were given progressive relaxation training and were instructed to image an event on cue. On a separate occasion physiological responses to the scenes were assessed. Findings indicated that the fearful and racially noxious scenes elicited comparable increases in corrugator and heart rate activity. The neutral scene had a less pronounced effect on heart rate and corrugator activity than the other scenes. Results of multiple regression analyses in which personality variables served as predictors of physiological activity revealed that certain dimensions of the Type A coronary prone behavior pattern and trait anxiety were significant predictors of physiological reactivity. These predictors were most effective where a conceptual link between the content of the scenes and the specific dimensions was identifiable. The results suggest that the imagery paradigm is useful for studying the effects of complex social stressful situations akin to those growing out of racism. They also underscore the potentially facilitory role personality assessment may have in pinpointing sources of variability in response to this form of laboratory stress.

CONSTRUCT INDIVIDUALITY, COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY, AND THE FORMATION AND REMEMBERING OF INTERPERSONAL IMPRESSIONS

Subjects differing in cognitive complexity formed impressions from either (1) three positive and three negative experimenter-selected traits, (2) three traits of each evaluation generated by the subject in a preliminary session, or (3) three experimenter-selected traits of one valence and three subject-generated traits of the opposite valence. Additionally, subjects reconstructed their impressions from memory after eight weeks. Impressions were dominated in content and evaluation by information tied to subjects' own constructs. The strength with which subjects attributed the stimulus qualities to the other was greater for self-generated traits. While all subjects organized inconsistency in their impressions at similar levels when receiving self-generated positive information, high and low complexity subjects differed in the organization of their impressions in the other conditions largely owing to the greater utility of negative information to high-complexity subjects.