Nitrogen use by plants and nitrogen flows after application of standard and biomodified nitrogen fertilizers on barley

The aim of our study was to assess the efficiency of application of biomodified nitrogen fertilizers for barley, to reveal the sources of nitrogen used for biomass formation with the use of the 15N stable isotope, and to study nitrogen flows in the system of fertilizers–soil–plants–atmosphere. We demonstrated in a model experiment the ability of the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 to move from the granules of mineral fertilizers to plant roots and to colonize them effectively. The effectiveness of biomodified nitrogen fertilizers for barley, Nur variety, was assessed in a microfield trial. After the application of biomodified nitrogen fertilizers, the accumulation of 15N in the plants increased by 2–5 %, its incorporation in the soil decreased and gaseous losses were decreased by 7 % as compared with the use of the usual forms of fertilizers. The application of biomodified nitrogen fertilizers can be used in agricultural practice as a novel technology to regulate nitrogen flows in the system of fertilizers–soil–plants–atmosphere.

Dynamics of phytotoxicity of soil under different fertilizer systems

Soil microorganisms, root system of plants, organic residues and fertilizers contribute to the release of physiologically active substances and their accumulation in the root part of the soil. Accordingly, soil phytotoxicity affects the growth and development of agricultural plants. Therefore, the aim of the work was to evaluate the phytotoxic properties of the soil under different fertilization systems for winter wheat, soybeans, corn and sugar beets. Analysis of soil phytotoxicity was performed according to the method of A.M. Grodzinsky. At the beginning of the soybean growing season, the greatest phytotoxic activity was observed on the biological fertilizer system, which involved the use of corn residues (8-12 t/ha) + Biohumus "ECOCHUDO" 200 kg/ha, which is most likely caused by slow soil neutralization. microbiota of allelopathic secretions of cereals. It was established that the application of ecological and biological fertilization systems for winter wheat yielded minimal values of soil phytotoxicity and at the end of the growing season was 4.39-3.65 UCO, the lowest in the experiment. Under the ecological system of fertilizer (crop residues of wheat (8-10 t/ha) + N90P60K90) and especially biological (crop residues of wheat (8-10 t/ha) + Biohumus "ECOCHUDO" 1000 kg/ha) indicators of phytotoxic activity soil in the phase of 2-4 leaves in sugar beets were the highest, but during the subsequent growing season the values decreased by 34-47%. Due to the application of the ecological system of corn fertilization (crop residues of sugar beets (30-40 t/ha) + N15Р30К30) the phytotoxicity of the soil during the growing season decreased by 37.9%. At the same time, the maximum reduction occurred by 66.8% in the biological system of fertilizers (crop residues of sugar beets (30-40 t/ha) + Biohumus "ECOCHUDO" 750 kg/ha). Accordingly, the conditions of the soil environment under the biological system of agriculture were the most favorable for development: soybeans, wheat, sugar beets, corn.

FORMATION OF THE EUBACTERIAL COMPLEX IN THE RHYOSPHERE OF SUGAR BEET (Beta vulgaris) UNDER DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS

The aim of the work was to determine the quantitative, qualitative composition and taxonomic structure of the eubacterial complex in the rhizosphere of sugar beet under different fertilizer systems. Microbiological methods were used to determine the content of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of sugar beet. Molecular methods were used to determine taxonomic structure as well as metagenome of the eubacterial complex of microorganisms. In the agrocenosis of sugar beet under different fertilizer systems the representatives of such families were prevailed as Alcaligenaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Nitrososphaeraceae, Gaiellaceae, Micrococcaceae, Solirubrobacteraceae, Streptomycetaceae, Intrasporangiaceae, Solimonadaceae, Syntrophobacteraceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae, Comamonadaceae. It was found that under the biological system of fertilizers the species diversity of soil microbiota increased due to phyla: Alcaligenaceae, Gaiellaceae, Solirubrobacteraceae, Streptomycetaceae, Solimonadaceae, Syntrophobacteraceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae. It was detected that the basis of the eubacterial complex of sugar beet included representatives of phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, and the absolute dominants were Proteobacteria – 76.9%, Actinobacteria – 13,4 %.

Removal of nutrients from the soil by pine plantations of different initial density and development of recommendations for fertilizer application

Сокращение оборота рубки, переход к комплексному использованию древесины и порубочных остатков приводят к увеличению хозяйственного выноса почвенных элементов питания растений и могут представлять угрозу для продуктивности лесных участков в долгосрочной перспективе. Для повышения и оптимизации почвенного плодородия, увеличения продуктивности древостоев, повышения качества продукции, получаемой из древесины, в лесном хозяйстве применяются системы удобрений. Целью исследования являлось выявление динамики накопления элементов минерального питания в лесных культурах сосны различной начальной густоты посадки и разработка рекомендаций по повышению продуктивности древостоев посредством применения системы удобрений на основании данных хозяйственного выноса. Для вычисления фитомассы произведен расчет величины фитомассы древостоев с применением уравнений зависимости от среднего диаметра и средней высоты с поправкой на число деревьев. Показатели чистой первичной продукции древостоев сосны обыкновенной рассчитывались через уравнения зависимости от возраста и наличной фитомассы. С применением конверсионных коэффициентов определено содержание элементов минерального питания в различных фракциях сосновых древостоев. Особое внимание уделено поиску соотношения между потреблением питательных элементов древостоями различной густоты. Расчет потерь элементов минерального питания с заготавливаемой древесиной при различных сценариях лесосечных работ позволил установить, что при комплексном использовании порубочных остатков хозяйственный вынос элементов питания будет наибольшим. Запроектированная система удобрений позволит компенсировать потери элементов минерального питания с заготавливаемой древесиной, увеличит почвенную обеспеченность химическими элементами и положительно скажется на повышении древесной продуктивности удобряемых лесных культур. A reduction in the turnover of logging and the transition to integrated use of wood and felling residues lead to an increase in the economic removal of soil elements of plant nutrition and may pose a threat to the productivity of forest areas in the long term. To improve and optimize soil fertility, increase the productivity of stands, and improve the quality of products obtained from wood, forestry uses fertilizer systems. The purpose of the study was to identify the dynamics of accumulation of mineral nutrition elements in pine forest crops of different initial planting density and develop recommendations for increasing the productivity of stands by applying a system of fertilizers based on the data of economic removal. To calculate the phytomass, the value of the phytomass of stands was calculated using the equations of dependence on the average diameter and average height, adjusted for the number of trees. Indicators of net primary production of stands of common pine were calculated using equations depending on age and available phytomass. Using conversion coefficients, the content of mineral nutrition elements in various fractions of pine stands was determined. Special attention is paid to the search for a correlation between the consumption of nutrient elements by stands of different densities. The calculation of losses of elements of mineral nutrition with harvested wood under various scenarios of logging operations allowed us to establish that with the combined use of felling residues, the economic removal of elements of nutrition will be the greatest. The system of fertilizers will compensate for the loss of mineral nutrition elements with harvested wood, increase the soil supply with chemical elements and have a positive impact on increasing the wood productivity of fertilized forest plantations.

Microbiological activity of soils by soybean with different variants of fertilization

The aim of the study was comparative evaluation of microbiological processes occurring in the soil and rhizosphere during the soybean cultivation in the conditions of short-term rotation with the use of different fertilizer systems. Methods.The content of ammoniating, amylolytic, pedotrophic, oligotrophic, asporousmicroorganisms, and micromycetes was determined. The soil and rhizosphere microbiological processes were characterized by mineralization – immobilization, oligotrophism, and pedotrophism coefficients. The use of ecological and biological fertilizer systems was accompanied by the increase of ammoniating microorganisms in the soybean budding phase. The use of exclusively mineral fertilizers of soybean has only significantly increased the development of microorganisms which use nitrogen of mineral compounds. The number of oligotrophic microorganisms was the highest, indicating that the stocks of readily available nutrients were depleted and that humification processes were intensified. For the ecological system of fertilizers, the coefficient of nitrogen mineralization-immobilization was 0.72-0.83, and for the biological system was the lowest 0.60-0.99. It confirms the equilibrium of the processes of mineralization and immobilization. The oligotrophic coefficients for the ecological and biological fertilizer systems at the stages of budding and browning of beans indicate the good availability of soil microbiota with easily digestible organic substances. The use of an ecological fertilizer system with a balanced combination of mineral and organic fertilizers and a biological fertilizer system with modern organic fertilizers and humates increases the activity of soil microbiota and improves the processes of organic compound transformation.

Innovative Technologies in Agriculture

Agriculture is a key industry for solving problems on food security, economic and environmental sustainability. Due to this, issues of restoring the industry intensity are becoming vital. In the article it is emphasized that this process should be implemented through an evolutionary transition to the fifth technological mode. This implies bringing the number of agricultural machinery to standard values and its subsequent equipping with means of information control over the operation of all technical systems, as well as parallel driving. The search for ways to restore soil fertility by using biologization of agriculture is becoming highly relevant under the conditions of increasing toxicity of chemical mineral fertilizers remaining in soils, the acute imbalance and nutrient deficiency. The Russian agriculture should be reindustrialized by using achievements of biotechnology. The use of the biological product system of fertilizers and the protection of plants from pests and diseases should result in the widespread development of the organic agricultural production. However, the availability of innovative technologies remains low for most agricultural producers. The reason for this situation is the low intensity of the reproduction process in the industry, accompanied by low profitability of agribusiness. The state should motivate the transition to innovative agricultural production technologies. On the one hand, it should initiate the creation of enterprises on producing resources for using innovative technologies in agriculture, and on the other hand, – regulate the intersectoral redistribution of the created value, avoiding the “zero” profitability of production among participants of production systems, and, on the third hand, – maintain or increase the profitable part of the budget

RYEGRASS PERENNIAL VARIETY VORONEZHSKIY FOR THE CONDITIONS OF CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

A brief review of the efficiency of cultivation of perennial ryegrass in the areas of steppe and forest-steppe zones is given. The necessity of breeding varieties of perennial ryegrass adapted for use in the conditions of the Central Black Earth region is shown. A brief characteristic of the variety of ryegrass perennial Voronezhskiy (selection of Voronezh Experimental Station for perennial grasses) is presented. The variety is included in the state register in all regions of the Russian Federation. It is characterized by high winter hardiness, drought resistance, longevity. Recommended for sowing as part of grass mixtures when creating hayfields and pastures on various soil types (except sandy), including when reclaiming de-graded land, as well as creating cultivated irrigated pastures in the steppe zone and as part of grass mix-tures when creating meadow-type lawns. The main technological parameters of cultivating the variety for seeds are included, including optimal sowing time and seeding rates, a rational system of fertilizers, the use of herbicides, harvesting, autumn cutting of grass stands, sorting features that allow maintaining tetraploid level of sorting population during reproduction.

Влияние макро- и микроудобрений на семенную продуктивность и посевные качества семян цикория корневого

В полевом опыте на дерново-подзолистой почве выявлена эффективность использования макро и микроудобрений. Система удобрений позволяет увеличить урожайность семян цикория корневого с 0,23 т/га до 0,29 т/га, т. е. более чем на 26%.In a field experiment on sod-podzolic soil revealed the efficiency of macro and micronutrients. System of fertilizers allows to increase the seed yield of chicory root from 0.23 t/ha to 0.29 t/ha, i. e. more than 26%.