CURCUMIN-BASED MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOSYSTEMS

The use of multifunctional nanosystems in medicine and research is of contemporary interest. Aim. The purpose of the work was to summarize publications on the prospects of creating and using nanocontainers based on curcumin (Cur). Cur fluorescence in nanoparticles (NP) makes it possible to investigate the distribution of fluorescent and non-fluorescent components, significantly accelerating the study and implementation of drugs in practice. Particular attention is paid to the use of hydrophobic substances in NP, to penetrate into a living cell. Understanding the interaction of NP with living cells is extremely important when these particles are used to transport and deliver water-insoluble drugs to cells. Cur is one of the drugs with various and very promising pharmaceutical effects, it is poorly soluble in aqueous media, and the use of nanocarriers is an effective way to significantly increase its bioavailability. Cur has its own fluorescence, which enables to use it in multifunctional fluorescent nanosystems, for example, with Pluronic® micelles. The use of the fluorescence method makes it possible to trace the stages of interaction of Cur-loaded NP with cultured cells and their localization in cell organelles. With this approach, nanoscale dynamics of drug distribution and stability is observed over time. Conclusions. The main conclusion is that for unstable in the aquatic environment drugs such as Cur, it is necessary to use the most hydrophobic nanostructures without traces of water, which include the nuclei of Pluronic® micelles. This method makes it possible to use other poorly water-soluble drugs. A promising area of nanomedicine is the creation of complex bio-compatible nanomaterials based on several active drugs that reduce the toxicity of preparations to normal cells.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF LACTIC ACID BACTERY LEAVEN «VIVO PROBIOYOGURT»

Lactic acid bacteria play a key role in human microecology and biotechnology – form organoleptic characteristics of products, increase the nutritional, including biological value of functional foods. Natural resistance to antibiotics is one of the important factors that determine the probiotic properties of lacto- and bifidobacteria. Aim. Study of the antibiotic resistance of functionally active probiotic cultures of "VIVO probioyogurt" leaven to determine the possibility of using a fermented milk product, which is prepared on its basis, during antibiotic therapy to maintain and restore normal intestinal microflora. Methods. Pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected for the study: (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp., L. acidophilus, L.casei, L. rhamnosus, L.paracasei, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis (2 strains), B. infantis), which are part of leaven "VIVO probioyogurt" the quality of which is confirmed by certificates of the International Organization for Standardization ISO 9001: 2008, as well as ISO 22000: 2005. The method of the experiment consisted of the following stages: preparation of nutrient media ("Lactobacagar", "Bifidoagar", glucose-peptone medium), working solutions of antibiotics; working suspension of LAB; suspensions of cultures (lacto- and bifidobacteria), cultivation LAB on elective nutrient media with the addition of antibiotics and evaluation of research results. Determination of antibiotic resistance of LAB was performed by the method of double dilutions. Results. The use of this technique enabled to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics of different groups relative to the LAB. The results of the research were processed using a licensed computer program Microsoft Excel. Conclusions. Evaluation of the results of studies to determine the MIC of antibiotics – benzylpenicillin, azithromycin, lincomycin, gentamicin sulfate, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, amoxil, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin in relation to IBD; fermented milk product, which was prepared on the basis of this starter culture, it was advisable to use during antibiotic therapy to restore and maintain normal intestinal microflora.

DETERMINING PROBABILITY OF CANCER CELL TRANSFOMATION AT HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION

Aim. The purpose of the work was to assess the probability of cancerous transformation of cells for viruses of high and low oncogenic risk. Aim. The purpose of the work was to assess the probability of cancerous transformation of cells for viruses of high and low oncogenic risk. Results. Using normalized squared error (NSE) for viruses of high (20 strains) and low (153 strains) oncogenic risk, rank statistic of 2-exponential type was build. For productive papillomavirus infection, NSE function was determined as the growing accurate 2-exponent of a cell layer basal to the epithelial surface. Logarithm of NSE numerical values is proportional to the cell entropy that is connected with the availability of virus DNA. To calculate entropy, generalized Hartley formula was used with the informational cell of dimension d: H = NdLOG(NSE), where N is the generalized cell coordinate. Conclusions. Using a statistical ensemble of E6 proteins separately for viruses of high and low oncogenic risk made it possible to assess the probability of cancerous transformation of cells, which was proportional to the ratio of the area of entropy of cancer transformation to the area of the productive entropy region papillomavirus infection.

ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE RAW MATERIALS AS A PRE-TREATMENT OF A SUBSTRATE FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF BIOBUTANOL

Aim. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ultrasonic disintegration on the lignocellulosic raw materials (biomass of the non-cereal part of rape) with its subsequent use as a substrate for the production of biobutanol. Methods. Butanol-producing strains and the biomass of the non-cereal part of rape Brassica napus were used in the present study. Ultrasonic disintegration of lignocellulosic raw materials was performed on the specially designed equipment. Results. The effect of ultrasonic disintegration on lignocellulosic raw materials was investigated for further application in biofuel production based on microbiological conversion. The possibility of using the obtained components after the pre-treatment of lignocellulose by ultrasonic disintegration as a substrate for the microbiological synthesis of butanol was shown. The highest accumulation of butanol (2.4 g/l) was obtained with the use of 5% dry matter content in the medium, 5 min treatment and the specific power of ultrasonic disintegration of 0.72 W/ml. Conclusions. The possibility of producer strains of the genus Clostridium to use cellulose in the fermentation process has been shown. When using ultrasonic disintegration for pretreatment of the non-cereal part of the biomass of rape, the accumulation of butanol increased by 3 folds.

PRACTICAL USE OF GOAT MILK AND COLOSTRUM

This review presents the protein and amino acid composition of both goat colostrums and milk and describes the properties of goat colostrums and milk components. In addition, the prospects of use of goat milk and colostrum in the food and cosmetics industry and the feasibility of use of goat milk for baby feeding are shown. Functional foods produced from goat milk have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antihypertensive and antiatherogenic activities in the human body. Goat milk cosmetics are very useful for maintaining a healthy skin and are effective in treatment of various skin diseases. Infant formula based on goat milk provides comfortable digestion for babies and are better at absorbing proteins, fats and other nutrients than infant formula based on cow’s milk.

STUDIES OF MAGNESIUM AND PHOSPHORUS COMBINED MEDICATION BASED ON CASEIN

Aim. The Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Animals, named after Academician Guly NUBIP of Ukraine, developed magnesium and phosphorus combined medication based on casein. Our aim was to test its bioavailability based on the ability to be hydrolyzed by a mixture of pancreatic digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, also check the absence of cytotoxic effects on cell cultures. Methods. To assess bioavailability, we used hydrolysis of the medication with a mixture of trypsin and chymotrypsin, followed by detection of hydrolysis products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A standard MTT-test performed on both MT-4 and Namalva cell lines was used to assess cytotoxic effects. Results. Based on electrophoresis data, it was found that despite chemical modifications of the natural casein, the medication based on it is characterized by a high ability to hydrolyze by digestive enzymes under the same conditions as casein. Also, an MTT-test demonstrates that the medication has no cytotoxic properties against cell lines MT-4 and Namalva. Conclusions. Since the negative effects of the drug associated with its digestibility and toxicity have not been observed, it is recommended to continue the study of its effects on living organisms.

DEOXYRIBOZYMES IN DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Aim. The purpose of the review was to analyze the use of DNAzyme biosensors for the detection of pathogens. In the recent years, deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) have a significant impact as biosensors in diverse fields, from detection of metal ions in the environment to theranostic applications and detection of microorganisms. Although routinely used sophisticated instrumental methods are available to detect pathogenic bacterial contamination, they involve time-consuming, complicated sample pre-treatment and expensive instruments. As an alternative, pathogen-specific DNAzymes have demonstrated a series of advantages: a non-destructive rapid analysis technique with in situ and real-time detection of bacteria with high sensitivity and selectivity. A wide range of pathogen-specific DNAzymes has been developed using colorimetric and fluorescence-based detections for pathogenic bacterial contamination in various samples. The current review summarizes the in vitro selection of pathogen-specific DNAzymes, various strategies utilized in the sensor designs, and their potential use in theranostic applications.

ON THE POSSIBILITY OF USING CARBON ENTEROSORBENTS TO NORMALIZE CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

The creation of effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is one of the urgent interdisciplinary tasks for modern chemistry and pharmacology. Given the role of hypercholesterolemia in the development of this disease, it is necessary to remove excess amounts of cholesterol from the body. As an alternative to means of lowering total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the possibility of using carbon enterosorbents for efferent therapy is considered. Aim. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the sorption capacity of the adsorbents developed by authors in terms of the possibility of cholesterol adsorption. Methods. Using the spectrophotometric method, the sorption of cholesterol on samples of adsorbents obtained by chemical activation of waste from the processing of lignocellulosic raw materials — dogwood and coffee residue has been studied. Results. A comparison of sorption isotherms with the isotherm obtained on the industrial adsorbent SORBEX has been performed. It was shown that the adsorption capacity of carbon adsorbents is primarily determined by their porous structure. The highest sorption values (7,3 mg/g) have been revealed by the sorption material obtained by chemical activation of cornel seed, an intermediate position (6,3 mg/g) is occupied by the adsorbent obtained from the coffee residue. Industrial carbon SORBEX has the lowest sorption values (5,3 mg/g). Conclusions. Calculations by Langmuir’s and Freundlich’s models testify about the accordance of the experimental data to Langmuir’s model. The use of the obtained activated carbons may be one of the effective alternative ways to lower blood cholesterol.

TRANSIENT EXPRESSION OF REPORTER GENES IN CULTIVARS OF Amaranthus caudatus L.

Local cultivars of A. caudatus: Helios and Karmin were used as plant material. Amaranth is a new pseudocereal introduced in Ukraine. The plant biomass of amaranth is used in medicine, food industry and cosmetology industry. Aim. The purpose of the work was to identify the optimal conditions for the transient expression of reporter genes in Amaranthus caudatus cultivars. Methods. Biochemical and microscopy methods were used in the following work. Seedlings and adult plants of different age were infiltrated with agrobacterial suspensions separately (genetic vector pCBV19 with a uidA gene and genetic vector pNMD2501 with a gfp gene in Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 strain). Results. Transient expression of the uidA and gfp genes was obtained in amaranth plants after conduction series of experiments. The most intensive transient expression of gfp and uidA genes was observed in seedlings infiltrated at the age of 1 day. The maximum fluorescence of the GFP protein was observed on 5th–6th days. Conclusions. It was shown that the cultivar Helios was more susceptible to agrobacterial infection than the cultivar Karmin. The effectiveness of Agrobacterium mediated transformation was from 16% to 95% for the Helios cultivar and from 12% to 93% for the Karmin cultivar. The obtained results indicate that the studied amaranth cultivars can potentially be used for obtaining transient expression of target genes and synthesizing target proteins in their tissues in the future.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE CREATION AND PRODUCTION OF ANTIRABIC VACCINES

Rabies is a neurological disease of a viral nature, leading to death. Rabies virus is an RNA virus that invades the central nervous system, leading to neuronal dysfunction. Timely vaccination can prevent the diseases development. Aim. The article is devoted to immunobiotechnological research aimed at creating antirabic vaccines. Results. The history of the antirabic vaccines creation from the first inactivated vaccines obtained from nervous tissue to the cultivation of the virus on animal cell cultures is considered. The article presents commercially available anti-rabies vaccines: their composition, the used rabies virus strains, cell cultures, the methods of inactivation and purification. The technology of producing an anti-rabies vaccine based on a Pitman Moore virus strain and a chicken fibroblast cell culture is presented. The advantages of different vaccine types are considered: live attenuated, peptide, liposomal, RNA vaccines, vaccines based on viral vectors, transgenic plants and reverse genetics methods. Conclusions. The development of biotechnology, immunology and virology makes it possible to improve constantly vaccine preparations, including those against rabies, increasing their effectiveness and safety.