The ancient Chinese civilization left remarkable signals in the marine environment since the Bronze Age

To understand the onset of human civilization evolution recorded in the marine environment, a 6000-year record of black carbon (BC), including char and soot, was examined in a sediment core from the central South Yellow Sea. The results showed that the colder and drier climate dominated the variation in fire activity in northern China after mid-Holocene via decreased precipitation and vegetation cover. The char released from the fire activity, can barely retrieve traces preserved in the marine sediments during the civilization evolution in China since ~1 ka BP. Fortunately, the soot-BC signal demonstrated that anthropogenic forces have overwhelmed the natural causes of soot emission since ~4 ka BP (Bronze Age) in northern China. The variation in soot closely matched periods when there was large-scale use of coal or charcoal after ~2 ka BP and when indigenous coking technology was promoted after ~1.3 ka BP, and times with low soot abundance coincided with periods of social unrest. This work provides evidence that the soot signal could be a robust tracer for tracking the civilization evolution, and the ancient Chinese civilization left remarkable soot signals in the marine environment since the Bronze Age.

Influence of technological process parameters on qualitative characteristics of coal thermolysis products

Purpose. To determine and compare the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of products obtained under different coking conditions to streamline the process and consider the deeper use of recycled materials at Shubarkol Komir JSC. Methodology. Based on the existing coking technology on the basis of the enterprise, two variants of temperature exposure to coal were tested. The first option is heating coal to 900 C, which is carried out by slow thermolysis of coal in a stream of ascending gases. The second option is high-speed heating of coal to 900 C with further loading of the released products into the chamber for additional pyrolysis at 800 C, which is carried out with the development of reactions involving oxygen-containing gases from the furnace and from the outside. Findings. At the production site as well as under laboratory conditions, the composition and quality characteristics of the products of heat treatment of long-flame coal under various temperature effects were determined. Differences in the composition of decomposition products were noted and their quantitative yield was determined. Originality. Analytical data on coking products have been obtained and the dependences of their quantitative and physical parameters on different applications of thermolysis on the coals of the Shubarkol deposit have been established. Practical value. The results of the work allow improving the technology of coke production by introducing an additional stage of pyrolysis, which will lead to an improvement in the consumer properties of coke, and also create conditions for the development of methods for using secondary production products.

Heat Transfer Analysis of the Operation in Delayed Coking Coke Drum

Delayed coking coke drum is the core equipment of delayed coking technology, which experiences almost all the thermal and mechanical loadings during operation. In this study, two coke drum finite element models have been created with four material models and the thermal boundary conditions are determined based on the temperature measurement data. Finite element analysis methods known as function loading and multiple steps analysis are used through the simulation. Temperature distributions and temperature variation curves of different nodes are then obtained by finite element heat transfer analysis. Numerical results show that temperature distribution is complex in the transition section and the water cooling stage has the highest temperature change rate.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Coke Powder by KOH Activation

With the enhancement of environmental awareness and the development of coking technology, large domestic coking plant With the enhancement of environmental awareness and the development of coking technology, large domestic coking plant With the enhancement of environmental awareness and the development of coking technology, large domestic coking plant will use CDQ technology to deal with Coke. So a great number of coke powder will be produced in coking enterprises every day. This paper use coke power, the waste of coking enterprises, as raw material to produce activated carbon with good adsorption property by chemical activation. The surface chemical composition and surface area of the activated carbon were investigated. The effects of activation conditions on the characteristics of the activation carbons were studied.As a result, activated carbon with an iodine adsorption capacity of 1020mg/g, a methylene blue adsorption capacity of 365 mg/g and a specific surface area of 1600 m2/g was obtained. These adsorption capacities were almost the same as ordinary activated carbon on the market.

Initial Operating Experiences and Overall Enhancements at the Chilean Coke Fired Petropower Cogeneration Facility

On November 1, 1998 the Petropower Energia Limitada Project, located adjacent to Petrox’s 84,000 barrel per day (bpd) refinery in Talcahuano, Chile, entered into Commercial Operations. In addition to being the first public/private industrial partnership in Chile, it also was the first to combine petroleum coking technology with cogeneration technology in a single project financing. The project consists of a Delayed Coker Facility, which includes a 12,000 bpd Delayed Coker Unit and a 7,000 bpd Hydrotreating Unit, and a 74 MW (nominal, gross) Cogeneration Facility. The coke produced fuels a Foster Wheeler Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler (CFB), and the energy produced provides electric power for the Petrox Refinery, the Delayed Coker Facility, and third parties, and high pressure steam for the refinery. The Cogeneration Facility, which consumes 24.8 Tonnes Per Hour of green coke, produces high-pressure steam, demineralized water and electricity for export to the refinery. The cogeneration unit also exports electricity, boiler feedwater and plant air to the Delayed Coker Facility. This leaves approximately 42 MW which is being exported to local third parties and the national grid. Environmentally, the overall project has resulted in a decrease in sulfur dioxide and particulate emissions from the refinery because of emission controls in the CFB, and elimination of burning fuel oil in the old utility system. Overall, the Delayed Coker Facility has permitted Petrox to refine heavier, less costly crudes, and the Hydrotreater Unit produces cleaner gasoline and diesel products. Petrox obtained these benefits without the expenditure of capital on the project, other than a small equity investment. The Cogeneration Facility has, and will continue to provide a long term, environmentally friendly solution to disposal of the high sulfur content coke produced by the coker, and maximizes its value as a high BTU (kilojoule - kJ) fuel for the Cogeneration Facility. The Cogeneration Facility has supplied all the refinery’s utility needs reliably and consistent with its expansion plans. After briefly describing the overall project, this paper places emphasis on the cogeneration plant with a focus on the operational experiences, including fouling, and the reliability improvements undertaken during the plant’s last three years of commercial operation. In addition, O&M costs and an overview of project economics are discussed.