Improved Livelihoods on Less Land

The chapter traces the changing economic history of two villages from their status as frontier settlements with abundant land in the 1950s, to poor farming areas ill-endowed with infrastructure, to more prosperous settlements benefitting from commercialized tomato cultivation and good road connections to the regional capital. The wealth is visible in the larger number of higher-quality houses which are being constructed. There are also changes in local perceptions of what wealth and poverty mean. Finally the chapter presents different sorts of strategies which capture the ways in which residents have responded to the opportunities and circumstances around them.

French Motorcyclists and the 80 km/hr Speed Limit: Conditionality and Risk-Taking with Regard to Age, Type and Power of Motorbike

After months of controversy, the speed limit on two-way secondary French roads without a median strip was reduced from 90 to 80 km/hr on 1 July 2018. Thousands of car drivers and motorcyclists have since protested against this measure, and the present study concerned the latter group. Starting from the Theory of Conditionality in the field of social thinking, which holds that prescriptions are massively conditional, a specific questionnaire based on 23 conditional scripts has been devised. A total of 661 male motorcyclists were asked about the conditions justifying the transgression of the 80 km/hr limit. Results showed that those motorcyclists who exceeded this limit did so by at least by 20 km/hr. A personalized assessment of speed, the pleasure associated with driving, and good road and weather conditions were the most conditional situations, while situations linked to the risk of loss of control were the least conditional. This study suggests that the determinants of risk-taking must be studied at the group and context levels, and that behavior is influenced by the system of social norms. Although this system may conflict with the Highway Code, it reflects an adaptation of the group linked to a need for meaning. Received: 7 July 2021 / Accepted: 12 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021

Perbandingan Biaya Galian Tanah Menggunakan Alat Berat Dengan Proses Pengerjaan Manual

Abstrak Dalam proyek konstruksi biasanya pihak pengerja dalam hal ini dapat disebut kontraktor lapangan terkadang mengalami beberapa kendala dalam mengerjakan proyek yang tidak mempunyai akses jalan yang baik, permasalahan tersebut adalah sulitnya untuk mobilisasi alat berat.Akan tetapi terkadang pelaksanaan secara manual pun sulit dilaksanakan dikarenakan terbatasnya waktu pengerjaan dan perekrutan pekerja untuk proyek tersebut. Lokasi penelitian untuk ini mencakup daerah Desa tatah alayung kecamatan mandastana kabupaten barito kuala. Metode penelitian data untuk Tugas Akhir ini ialah dengan observasi, yaitu melakukan pengamatan di lapangan berkaitan dengan materi yang dibahas. Observasi dilakukan Daerah Irigasi Rawa (DIR) tanipah Desa Tatah Alayung Kecamatan Mandastana Kabupaten Barito Kuala. Berdasarkan analisis perhitungan didapat Volume pekerjaan galiannya sebesar 216,476.80 m3. Biaya excavator long-arm sebesar 1,928,609,738 rupiah, Biaya excavator long-arm + Ponton sebesar 2,571,479,650 rupiah, dan Biaya excavator standard sebesar 714,480,000 rupiah. Jika pekerjaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat-alat manual dan dikerjakan oleh pekerja galian didapatkan hasil sebesar 22,580,000,000 rupiah. Rasio perbandingan biaya antara alat berat dengan pekerjaan manual adalah 2,571,479,650 : 22,580,000,000 atau sama dengan 1 : 8,78 (Bila diambil dari biaya alat berat yang terbesar). Kata kunci : Excavator, Biaya, Pekerja Abstract In construction projects, usually the workman in this case can be called a field contractor, sometimes experiencing some obstacles in working on projects that do not have good road access, the problem is the difficulty of mobilizing heavy equipment. However, sometimes even manual implementation is difficult to carry out due to limited working time and recruitment of workers for the project. The research location for this area includes tatah alayung village, mandastana sub-district, barito kuala district. This data research method is by observation, which is conducting observations in the field relating to the material discussed. Observations were carried out in the Swamp Irrigation Area (DIR) Tanipah, Tatah Alayung Village, Mandastana District, Barito Kuala Regency. Based on the analysis of calculations, the volume of excavation works is 216,476.80 m3. The cost of long-arm excavators is 1,928,609,738 rupiahs, the cost of long-arm excavators + Pontoons is 2,571,479,650 rupiahs, and the cost of standard excavators is 714,480,000 rupiahs. If the work is carried out using manual tools and is carried out by excavated workers, the result is 22,580,000,000 rupiah. The ratio of the cost ratio between heavy equipment with manual work is 2,571,479,650: 22,580,000,000 or equal to 1: 8,78 (If taken from the largest cost of heavy equipment). Keywords : Failure, Settlement, Eccentricity

Clients’ Perception of the Role of Transportation to the Hospital and Level of Hospital in Reducing Maternal Mortality in Calabar, Nigeria

Transportation is vital in accessing healthcare services as well as reducing maternal mortality. This study examined clients’ perception of the role of transportation to the hospital and level of hospital in reducing maternal mortality in Calabar. This study was a cross-section descriptive design. Four (4) research questions were developed for the study. A total of 220 participants were recruited by proportionate sampling technique. Respondents were selected from four clinic days Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays in each visit for a period of two weeks were used for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were analysed using frequencies and percentages. The finding of the study revealed that: 153 (68%) agreed that good transportation increases the number of times participants go for an antenatal visit. 159 (72%) of the respondents viewed that good roads and vehicles make a journey to the hospital quick and easy. 177 (62%) opined that the best way to visit the hospital is by one’ s car or a taxi drop. 203 (93%) agreed that hospital has skilled midwives and doctors; 153 (70%) agreed that level of the hospital is reflective of low maternal and infant deaths; 159 (72%) agreed that healthcare team are highly skilled in handling both complicated and uncomplicated deliveries. 181 (78%) supports the notion that transportation plays a huge role in the reduction of maternal mortality in Calabar; 148 (67%) agreed that good road network has an indirect role in reducing maternal mortality in Calabar; 146 (67%) opined that controlled traffic helps reduced maternal mortality in Calabar, and 159 (71%) agreed that lack of access to transport for women in labour can increase stillbirth and maternal death rates. The study concludes that a good road network should be provided to reduce maternal mortality in Calabar.

Occupational Stress on Employees’ Performance among National Union of Road Transportation Workers in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

Stress has been denoted has a state of mental or emotional draining or tension consequential from adverse or demanding circumstances. The study has investigated the influence of occupational stress on employees’ performance among national union of road transportation workers in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to examine the influence of occupational stress (time pressure, workload, lack of motivation and role ambiguity) on employees’ performance. The study population consists of random selection of commercial drivers in Ilorin Metropolis. A structured questionnaire was administered to the commercial drivers to solicit their options on the variable concerned. A total number of 200 questionnaire are administered but only 171 questionnaires were fully filled representing 86% response rate. The structured questionnaire includes the demographic information’s and statements to measure the four independent variable examined on employees’ performance. Linear regression analysis was carried out to examine the dependent and independent variables using SPSS. The hypotheses revealed that that time pressure and role ambiguity have significant and negative influence on employees’ performance while the two other variables of workload and lack of motivation do not have any significant influence on employee performance. Therefore, it was concluded that increasing time pressure and role ambiguity would reduce employees’ performance in all aspects. Therefore it is important for managers to ensure role ambiguity is minimized and clear roles are given and communicated to the employees if they wish to enhance employees’ performance. Government should encourage the use of ministry of transportation (MOT) for testing vehicles; this will force and compel the owners to maintain their vehicles as adopted by UK government. Also government should provide good road facilities and good road networks.

THE OBJECTIVE NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOTURISM IN THE FERGANA ECONOMIC TERRITORY

This article is explained by the study of the role of the local population as a labor force in the development of eco-tourism. Also, this research project on shaping the role of the local population in the development of ecotourism is designed to improve the quality of ecotourism services and attract more eco-tourists to Chodak, the study area. This will create more opportunities for the local population to benefit from ecotourism. It also helps to improve infrastructure, such as a good road network in the most important area.

Council Court’s Judgement in the Decision of Sued for Divorce Husband at the Tapaktuan Syar'iyah Court

Shari'ah gives the wife the right to complain to the judge gives thalaq to him, even the Shari'ah also requires the judge to grant his wish if found causes that push to gives thalaq to in accordance with what is desired by the wife, while the husband does not want to divorce his wife good road. The aim of this research is to know the divorce case in society Tapaktuan. In compiling this thesis of researchers use qualitative research methods.

KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN DESA MELALUI PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR TRANSPORTASI DALAM UPAYA PEMERATAAN PEMBANGUNAN DI DESA PLESUNGAN KECAATAN KAPAS KABUPATEN BOJONEGORO

Law of Republic Indonesia Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages as one of development policy raises an implication in the budgeting system, namely the emergence of The Village Funds (VF) and Village Fund Allocation (VFA) in the components of the Village Budget (APBDes). One of the objectives of the Village Law through VF and VFA is to ensure that basic infrastructure such as roads, canals, dikes, electricity and clean water in the village have been fulfilled so as to be able to support the smooth economic activities of the village. The road which is one of the basic infrastructure related to transportation and accessibility is key in the economy of a region. The existence of a good road facilitates access to an area and the community can more easily carry out their activities. This will certainly have a long-term impact on people's lives, one of which is increasing economic growth in the region, one of which can be seen with an increase in Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The important thing to study more deeply is how the availability of good road facilities in the village is able to contribute to the increase in GRDP.

Road Classification Based Energy Efficient Design and its Validation for Indian Roads

Road lighting consumes a significant portion of global electricity. A good road lighting design ensures the fulfilment of visual requirements with optimized design. The initial step for a good road lighting design is to identify the exact lighting class of the concerned road. The existing Indian Road lighting Standard IS: 1944, 1970 is not so well defined with respect to the modern Indian roads. It demands a specific model for classifying any Indian road. This paper focuses towards the validation of a proposed model, which is a modified mathematical model as recommended by CIE: 115, 2010 for classifying the exact lighting category of the Indian roads. This paper also highlights the scope of energy saving by changing the design according to the changed lighting class during different traffic hours in night. Some innovative design is also proposed for a new road based on the proposed classification methodology.