Surface Water Quality Assessment of Panchagnaga River and Development of DO-BOD Relationship Using Empirical Approach

Surface water samples were collected from selected locations along river Panchaganga, from Kolhapur to Narsobawadi during April 2019. Physicochemical parameters were determined in the laboratory and chemical mass balance approach was adopted to estimate the individual ionic loads in the river water. Streeter-Phelps equation was applied to derive a relationship between DO and BOD5. Model parameters such as De-oxygenation Rate (Kd) and Re-aeration Rates (Kr ) were optimized using different empirical methods. The result of chemical mass balance showed an increase in the loading of various ions from upstream to downstream which could be attributed to agricultural and industrial wastes that enter the main stream. De-oxygenation rate and re-aeration constants were calculated using various empirical methods. DO sag curve was developed using Streeter Phelp’s model and compared with the observed parameters which showed a significant correlation. DO-BOD concentration observed along the course of the river indicated that the self-purification capacity of the river is high due to which the river regains the lost DO level at a distance less than 50 meters.

Effect of Meander on Bridge Pier Scour

Lots of work regarding the scour around bridge piers in straight channelhave been done in the past by many researchers. Many factors which affectscour around piers such as shape of piers, size, positioning and orientationetc. have been studied in detail by them. However, similar studies inmeandering channels are scanty. Very few researchers have studied theeffect of angular displacement which has considerable effects of scouraround bridge piers.In this paper an attempt has been made to carry out a detailed study ofangular displacement on scour. A constant diameter bridge pier of circularshape has been tested in a meandering channel bend with bend angle as 800 .The test bed was prepared by using uniform sand having d50 as 0.27 mmand run was taken for a discharge of 2.5 l/s.

Recent Development in Ice Engineering

Ice Engineering is associated with how to solve challenges from different kinds of ice, such as, sea ice, river ice, lake ice, icing, and snow in cold regions. The aim is to design special structures which could resist structural and global impact from drifting ice and freezing ice.

Effects of Spur Dyke’s Orientation on Bed Variation in Channel Bend

Spur dykes also known as Groynes are often used to either divert or attract the flow from the main structure to safeguard their life. Those structures may be bridge piers, abutments or any similar hydraulics structures. Spur dykes are also used to save the cutting of banks on concave side of stream. Lots of work have been done in recent past on spur dykes by many investigators in which various hydraulic and geometrical parameters of spur dykes such as discharge, sediment size, flow velocity, shear stress, spur dykes shape, size and submergence etc. are studied in detail. But mostly all the studies were pointed out in straight open channels. Very few studies were done in curved channel and only their similar effects were studied. In present thesis main emphasis is given to study the effect of orientation and location of spur dykes in meandering channel on the bed of downstream side. In the present study experimental work has been carried out in 80° bend and constant discharge (Q = 4.5 l/s) is allowed to pass in channel without spur dyke. It is found that maximum scouring occurs at angular displacement θ = 60° to 80° in the vicinity of outer bank. To minimize this scouring, spur dyke has been installed at angular displacement θ = 20°, 40° & 60° by changing the dyke angle α = 60°, 90° & 120° respectively. It is found that scouring at θ = 60° is reduced by installing spur dyke at angular displacement θ = 40° which is oriented at α = 60° and scouring at θ = 80° is reduced by installing spur dyke at angular displacement θ = 60° which is oriented at α = 60°.

Degree of Integrated Water Resources Management Implementation in Context of Climate Change in a Watershed: Case of Oueme Basin, Benin (West Africa)

This study is based on the hypothesis that the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) tools in the Oueme watershed has not led to a systematic improvement in the degree of IWRM implementation in the Oueme Valley in Benin. Methodologically, data were collected through a semi-structured survey of stakeholder families in the study area using snowball sampling. The tool used was the form developed by the United Nations to collect data to assess the level of IWRM implementation. The four (4) assessment criteria, each covering a key component of IWRM, are the enabling environment, institutions and participation, management tools and financing. The results obtained per criteria according to the stepwise methodology adopted reveal on average a degree of implementation of 40 on a scale of 0 to 100 in the Oueme basin. This value varies according to the geographical area and the factors considered. This study, which is a decision-making tool, provides a guide for governments to monitor the progress of integrated water resources management in their territory.

Recent Development in Hydro Science

Hydro Science (HS) is a branch of science associated with engineering and technologies in hydraulics, hydrology, and water management. Its development is closely linked to the progress of human being civilization. Traditional HS has made a significant contribution to human living standard and health. The water treatment and supplying system and the city sewage system enabled people to have clean water to drink and have their wastewater removed. In addition, the irrigation hydraulic structures like channels and dams increased the product of agriculture to eliminate starvation in the world.

Urban Rejected Water Reuse in Agriculture for Irrigation in Major Cities of India: A Synoptic Review

Indiscriminate and rapid urbanization without sufficient infrastructure to manage huge domestic sewage (urban rejected water) generated by urban centers posing serious threats to different ecosystems in many places across the world. On the other hand, the downstream of urban centers facing an acute shortage of water for irrigation. In recent years reuse of urban waste water is being increased in many countries including India irrespective of adverse impacts on other ecosystems. The present study has provided a synoptic review on urban rejected water reuse for irrigation in the major cities of India with a special focus on banks of the Musi river basin in South India where huge wastewater irrigation is being practiced in the world in comparison with global waste water irrigation practices. In all the cases major contaminants namely fecal coliform, nitrates, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) are found in water and with increased soil and groundwater salinity on long term use. The review indicated that there a large scope to intensify the irrigation with proper treatment of wastewater. The study also suggested to understand the impacts of rejected water reuse impact on soilwater-food chain and also emphasizes the need for the establishment of sufficient ETPs to minimize the adverse impacts and also to protect hydroagro ecosystems.

Soil-water-security Systems of Agriculture and Adaptation to Changes of Climate

In article the expediency of application of methods of protection soils from erosion and in general principles of the antierosion organization of territory of land tenure for adaptation of territories to changes of a climate is considered. The expediency of updating of these methods in connection with new results of supervision for runoff on slopes and the new purposes of their application is shown. In particular, it is shown, that antierosion constructions need to be placed above a place of concentration of a runoff, instead of on it as the probability of destruction of a construction in this place is great. Application the soil-water-security systems of agriculture provides regulation of a microclimate of territory (reduction of warming up of a surface), allows to lower peak of a high water from downpours, translating a part of a superficial runoff in intrasoil and underground and to these to prevent losses from them including loss of a fertile layer of soils, saturation by a moisture of a zone of aeration favorably influences development of forest vegetation and agricultural crops.

Impact of Climate Variability on Reservoir Based Hydro-Power Generation in Jebba Dam, Niger State, Nigeria

This study examined impact of climate variability on reservoir-based hydro-power-generation in Jebba dam, Niger State of Nigeria. Data of rainfall, temperature, evaporation, reservoir inflow and outflow and power output for thirty-one years were obtained from Jebba Hydropower Station [JHP]. The Man-Kendall and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) were used to establish the influence of weather parameters on the reservoir inflow and outflow. Findings showed increased electricity generation during dry season than wet season. The highest annual mean amount of the electricity generated was in 2016 having mean of 689.12mwh, dry season (352.26mwh) and wet season (336.86mwh). Reservoir inflow showed negative trend with severe fluctuations in 1998 (1436.42M3/Sec), 1999 (1581.08M3/Sec) and 2010 (1641.08M3/Sec) with steady increase in 2016 (1556.0042M3/Sec), 2017 (1556.4242M3/Sec) and 2018 (1635.7542M3/Sec). The reservoir outflow pattern showed tremendous and negative trend in fluctuation with increase in 1998 (1421.75M3/Sec) 1999 (1581.58M3/Sec) and 2010 (1641.16M3/Sec) and a steady increase in 2016 (1535.00M3/Sec), 2017 1558.83M3/Sec and 2018 (1632.00M3/Sec). Thus, rainfall and reservoir inflow had strong relationships with the amount of power generated than temperature and evaporation. Therefore, the government should increase the water carrying capacity of the reservoir construction by storing water to be used during dry periods.

Stream Monitoring and Preliminary Co-Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage and Municipal Wastewater along Dunkard Creek Area

This study investigated coal-mine drainage (AMD) and municipal wastewater (MWW) contaminant concentrations and conducted the combined treatment in phases I and II: phase I, evaluating effects of mixing the two based on extent of acid neutralization and metals removal; phase II: conducting anaerobic batch reactor treatment of AMD and MWW under varying COD/sulfate ratios (0.04-5.0). In phase I, acid mine drainage water quality conditions are as follows: pH 4.5, acidity 467.5 mg/L as CaCO3, alkalinity 96.0 mg/L as CaCO3, Cl- 11.8 mg/L, SO42- 1722 mg/L, TDS 2757.5 mg/L, TSS 9.8 mg/L, BOD 14.7 mg/L, Fe 138.1 mg/L, Mg 110.8 mg/L. Mn 7.5 mg/L, Al 8.1 mg/L, Na 114.2 mg/L, and Ca 233.5 mg/L. Results of the mixing experiments indicated significant removal of selected metals (Fe 85~98%, Mg 0~65%, Mn 63~89%, Al 98~99%, Na 0~30%), acidity (77~95%) from the mine water and pH was raised to above 6.3. The Phase II results suggested under the wide range of COD/sulfate ratios, COD and sulfate removal varied from 37.4%-100% and 0%-93.5% respectively. During biological treatment, alkalinity was generated which leads to pH increase to around 7.6-8.5. The results suggested feasibility of the proposed technology for co-treatment of AMD and MWW. A conceptual design of co-treatment system which is expected to remove a matrix of pollutants has been provided to utilize all the locally available water resources to achieve the optimum treatment efficiency. The technology also offers an opportunity to significantly reduce capital and operating costs compared to the existing treatment methodologies used.