El reto de la alfabetizacion financiera digital en el ámbito de la fintech (industria 4.0)

Objetivo: el artículo tiene como objetivo principal el analizar el nivel de cultura financiera digital o alfabetización financiera digital de los estudiantes en centros universitarios españoles en el marco de la Industria 4.0. Se incluye una nueva medida original para medir el grado conocimientos financieros digitales, en función de un cuestionario elaborado ad-hoc. Metodología: se diseñó una encuesta partiendo de las recomendaciones dadas en la literatura más actual. Se aplicó el cuestionario durante la segunda quincena de marzo de 2021 a una muestra de 308 estudiantes en centros universitarios españoles. Resultados: la investigación ofrece una buena aproximación del nivel de alfabetización financiera digital (AFD) de los estudiantes en centros universitarios españoles y su clasificación por grupos de competencia financiera. Se esperan resultados variables según el conocimiento y utilización del producto financiero sobre el que se les pregunta, lo que podría indicar la existencia de una brecha temprana de conocimiento financiero digital dentro del mismo grupo de estudiantes. Limitaciones: sería interesante llevar a cabo investigaciones similares en otros países de desarrollo similares al español para poder realizar una comparativa. Además, en investigaciones posteriores, se podría distinguir dentro de la muestra a estudiantes de diferentes titulaciones para valorar la comparación entre los resultados obtenidos.

Dimensiones de la legitimidad organizativa en función del género y el estatus de los consumidores

Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer qué criterios son más importantes para evaluar la legitimidad de las organizaciones en función del género y el estatus. Metodología: Se realizó un cuestionario online dirigido a residentes en España mayores de 18 años. El cuestionario era anónimo y se obtuvieron 408 respuestas que forman la muestra. Se analizaron los datos obtenidos mediante el método estadístico ANOVA. Resultados: Los criterios más relevantes para evaluar la legitimidad son los regulativos, cognitivos y morales. Se observan diferencias en los tipos de legitimidad entre géneros y estatus. Las mujeres otorgan una mayor importancia a la legitimidad moral, emocional y gerencial frente a los hombres. Las personas con estatus medio otorgan más importancia a la legitimidad técnica. Limitaciones: Se analizaron las percepciones de los clientes, sin tener en cuenta otros grupos de interés como son los equipos directivos y los trabajadores de las empresas. Implicaciones prácticas: Los resultados de este trabajo permiten a los empresarios y equipos directivos conocer qué tipo de legitimidad deben lograr para conseguir una mayor aceptación de sus clientes. Para los académicos, esta investigación aporta evidencias sobre la configuración de los criterios de legitimidad cuando se evalúa la legitimidad de las organizaciones por parte de los consumidores.

Tourists’ characteristics in relation to expectations, satisfaction and loyalty in hotel industry

Objective: This paper makes an effort in combining the hotel subsector with a specific geographic location and with three determined constructs. Methods: This article uses a unique individual level dataset collected in Spain hotels and attempts to shed more light on three phases of consumer evaluation: expectations, satisfaction and loyalty. In order to relate the evaluation scores in these areas to sociodemographic characteristics of the consumers, we employ regression analysis. Results: The results show that all dependent variables in hand are related to explanatory variables; often in directions assumed by theory or previous empirical studies. Specifically, we find that age, economic status and country of origin are statistically significantly related to consumer evaluation. One of the novelties of our study is inclusion of “exceeded expectations” variable that intends to measure positive or negative surprise with the service. Conclusion: The knowledge of the existence of incidences of demographic variables on satisfaction, loyalty and expectations could not only, but should, lead to the formulation and implementation of differentiated strategies, segmented according to groups of individuals, focused on improving these indicators, adapting services to the demographic characteristics of the clients.

Crisis de liquidez del COVID-19

Objetivo: El propósito de esta investigación consiste en identificar los determinantes del Factoraje Inverso (FI) desde la perspectiva de todas las partes involucradas, es decir, compradores, proveedores, instituciones financieras (IF) y administración pública, y desarrollar una propuesta que permita un despliegue eficiente de los recursos financieros a los proveedores pyme en México, durante el tiempo que duren las medidas de contención derivadas de la pandemia de Covid-19. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de caso a través de entrevistas a profundidad a ocho IF en México que representan entre el 60% y el 80% del volumen de factoraje operado en el país. Para interpretar la información obtenida en las entrevistas, este trabajo utiliza la técnica de análisis de contenido con el apoyo de MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2018. Resultados: La investigación identifica los determinantes del FI y destaca los elementos clave para proponer una solución de financiamiento integral basada tanto en el FI como en un programa de crédito de capital circulante, y considera aspectos de la cooperación del financiamiento de la cadena de suministro que van más allá de la literatura tradicional, que se ha centrado en los aspectos operativos. Limitaciones: Como en cualquier estudio de caso, no es posible generalizar las conclusiones a todas las IF sin realizar ajustes en función de su perfil y contexto, por lo que la comprobación de la teoría debe llevarse a cabo mediante otros estudios. Implicaciones prácticas: A partir de estos resultados, tanto las IF como la administración pública pueden apoyar activamente el rescate de más de 120 mil pymes y proteger hasta 5.3 millones de empleos formales, contribuyendo así a la economía e impulsando la bancarización de las pymes a gran escala en todo el país.

Implications of Work-Life Balance Measures for Companies

Objective: The relationship between work-family balance and employee performance is a topic of great interest for organisations and, therefore, for academic research. In this context, this paper reviews the literature to identify the determining factors in company-based adoption of work-life balance measures (causes related to work-family conflict: WFC, and family-work conflict: FWC) on the one hand and, on the other, the research that has focussed on studying the effect on business results of practices to achieve a work-life balance. Methodology: We have undertaken analysis of the academic research published over the period 1998-2018 and available on the Web of Science (WOS), SCOPUS and EBSCO databases. Results: The review undertaken indicates that conflict can be originated in the family, in the workplace and in other environments throughout the day when we face up to the obligations arising from the roles we play in the family and at work and that affect us in both directions. In turn, work-life balance measures appear to have a positive effect, not only at the individual level for also for staff and companies as a whole. Limitations: Descriptive research. Practical implications: This study aims to contribute to the literature by providing updated information on the state of the art on this subject, and to highlight possible future lines of empirical research, as well as the relevance of the subject at a company level.

Application of ICTs in the development of Sustainable Smart Cities

Objective: The main objective of the study is to deepen the concepts of Smart City and Sustainability to propose a Sustainable Smart City model for the areas of Economy, Government, Environment, Mobility, Smart Society and Quality of Life. Methodology: To achieve the main objective, a review of the existing scientific literature on smart Cities, sustainability and it is areas of influence and indicators; has been carried out. Subsequently, an analysis of three Smart Cities was made and, finally, a proposal for a Sustainable Smart City model was made. Results: Several indicators have been presented for the six areas: Economy, Government, Environment, Mobility, Smart Society and Quality of Life. These areas allow improving and facilitating the quality of life of its citizens while maintaining a balance between the economic, social and environmental fields. In addition, a model is proposed for each area that includes sustainability. Limitations: The formulation of the Sustainable Smart City model has not considered the cost of applying the indicators presented for the area. Practical implications: Among the contributions, the formulation of the concept of Sustainable Smart City stands out, as well as its indicators. Finally, a Sustainable Smart City model is projected according to the above presented.

Capturing the value of the experienced worker

Objective: This article aims to bring together a series of case studies and evidence for examining the full diversity agenda, including age and the steps employers can take to make their business more age ready. Methodology: The study combines a consulting and meta-analysis methodology. Typical biases and current practices are unpicked to distinguish fact fiction. Results: This research offers a framework for becoming a successful age-ready employer, older workers are valued, treated fairly, are engaged and productive. Varying results are expected, depending on geography. Developed countries with labour force pressures through shrinking birth rates are likely to be the earliest adopters. Limitations: Further work is underway to solidify these results in many more organizations globally, and this will take time. In subsequent research, quantitative methodologies should be applied to evaluate the impact of the experience. Practical implications: This essay helps understanding the value of experienced workers in our society, making it easier now than ever to understand why and how to become an age-ready — not to mention a productive and an efficient — employer.

Towards a sustainable longevity society: Instrumentalizing intergenerationality and human-centered design

Objective: This article aims to decode the opportunities of longevity societies. Methodology: It uses a qualitative analytical methodology that is nourished by the learning of 6 years of research and projects carried out in mYmO1 (entity dedicated to intergenerational innovation). It also relies on technical knowledge and analysis original sources based on the Intergenerational approach and the Human-Centered Design. The proposal presents a clear goal that is to achieve Sustainable Cities and Communities, considering the unit of space-time measurement key to start mapping projects for long-lived societies. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) drawn up by the United Nations are mentioned as a reference for the scope of actions in the text, the target being SDG-11. In addition, all proposed actions are based on a premise that is taken as a basis and that lies in the importance of all actors assuming their responsibility in solving problems. In order to decode the opportunities that longevity societies offer and to achieve sustainable cities and communities, community ownership of change is considered essential. Results: Based on these considerations, a strategic matrix is designed that uses the Theory of Change to establish the relationships between actions and objectives. Desired changes are identified and what should happen to ensure that these changes lead to long-term results is analysed too. In addition, as a consequence of its practical implication, the proposed matrix is useful for small and large interventions, in any development and innovation project. Within this framework, intergenerational approach and human-centered design offer the methodology and tools to put into practice the development of concrete processes and projects. Limitations: It is an essay that shows some initiatives in concrete realities whose results are not universally extrapolated. Practical implications: As a result, new models of participation are made visible in which organizations, public authorities and individuals collaborate to solve current challenges.

Effect of Financial Literacy on Starting a New Business: Using Survival Analysis to Examine Differences between Older and Younger Entrepreneurs

Objective: This paper focuses on financial literacy as an antecedent to entrepreneurial involvement in order to examine and better understand differences between older and younger entrepreneurs. Financial literacy is the ability to apply the knowledge and skills needed to effectively manage financial resources over the life-course and is related to a wide range of economic outcomes. Methodology: The antecedence of financial literacy with respect to entrepreneurial engagement is examined using novel entrepreneurship data the United States. The study uses three waves (2014, 2016, and 2019) of complex survey data the Understanding America Study (UAS), a nationally representative and probability-based internet panel of households representing roughly 8,500 respondents ages 18 and older, and active since 2014. The data are used to generate survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier method, and to run survey linear and Cox proportional hazards regression models outcomes are starting a new business with respect to two time frames: over one’s lifetime, and since 2014. Results: The results show that there are associations between financial literacy and the rate of starting a new business both over one’s lifetime and since 2014, but only among older adults. Limitations: The study data were collected using a sample of adults in the United States which may limit the generalizability of the study findings to countries and regions other than the United States. Practical implications: This paper presents evidence that indicates that financial literacy is correlated with business start-up activities among older adults. This implies that financial literacy programs targeted at older adults may have an appreciable and significant multiplier effect.

Analysis of the tendency towards entrepreneurship in Spain. A perspective based on the economic and institutional environment

The decision between whether to become self-employed or to work as an employee is a dilemma faced by an increasing number of Spanish professionals. This research investigates the sociodemographic profile of Spanish self-employed workers, and examines the factors in the economic and institutional environment that influence their decision to become self-employed. The sociodemographic characteristics that make up the profile of entrepreneurs who decide to become self-employed are presented using microdata the Spanish Labour Force Survey, and based on a logistic regression model. The influence of the economic and institutional environment on this tendency towards entrepreneurship is also studied. The results enable us to conclude that favourable factors for entrepreneurship are previous experience as an entrepreneur, the sector in which the individual wishes to be an entrepreneur, the professional’s age and sex, their marital status, and the maximum age at they completed their education. As for the environmental perspective, the relative size of the economy and the level of bank credit in the autonomous community of Spain the entrepreneur wishes to do business has a positive influence on the tendency towards entrepreneurship.