Analysis of the tendency towards entrepreneurship in Spain. A perspective based on the economic and institutional environment

The decision between whether to become self-employed or to work as an employee is a dilemma faced by an increasing number of Spanish professionals. This research investigates the sociodemographic profile of Spanish self-employed workers, and examines the factors in the economic and institutional environment that influence their decision to become self-employed. The sociodemographic characteristics that make up the profile of entrepreneurs who decide to become self-employed are presented using microdata the Spanish Labour Force Survey, and based on a logistic regression model. The influence of the economic and institutional environment on this tendency towards entrepreneurship is also studied. The results enable us to conclude that favourable factors for entrepreneurship are previous experience as an entrepreneur, the sector in which the individual wishes to be an entrepreneur, the professional’s age and sex, their marital status, and the maximum age at they completed their education. As for the environmental perspective, the relative size of the economy and the level of bank credit in the autonomous community of Spain the entrepreneur wishes to do business has a positive influence on the tendency towards entrepreneurship.

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Corruption, Taxation and the Impact on the Shadow Economy

Economies ◽

10.3390/economies9010018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Němec ◽

Eva Kotlánová ◽

Igor Kotlán ◽

Zuzana Machová

Keyword(s):

Tax Evasion ◽

Capital Accumulation ◽

Shadow Economy ◽

Labour Force ◽

Destructive Effect ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Initial Assumption ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

While assessing the economic impacts of corruption, the corruption-related transmission channels which influence taxation as such have to be duly considered. Taking the example of the Czech Republic, this article aims to evaluate the impacts corruption has on the size of the shadow economy as well as on the individual sources of long-term economic growth, making use of a transmission channel through which corruption affects the tax burden components. Using the method of an extended DSGE model, it confirms the initial assumption that an increase in perceived corruption supports the shadow economy’s growth, but at the same time, it demonstrates that corruption and especially its perception has a significantly different effect on two key areas—the capital accumulation and the labour force size. It further identifies another sector of the economy representing taxes which are prone to tax evasion while asserting that corruption has a much more destructive effect on this sector of the economy, offering generalized implications for other post-communist EU member states in a similar situation.

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Preparation and Properties of Layered SiC-Graphene Composites for EDM

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112916 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2916

Author(s):

Ondrej Hanzel ◽

Zoltán Lenčéš ◽

Peter Tatarko ◽

Richard Sedlák ◽

Ivo Dlouhý ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Surface Layer ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Layered Composite ◽

Layered Composites ◽

Good Adhesion ◽

Electric Discharge Machining ◽

Layer Sequence ◽

The Individual ◽

Scratch Tests

Three and five-layered silicon carbide-based composites containing 0, 5, and 15 wt.% of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were prepared with the aim to obtain a sufficiently high electrical conductivity in the surface layer suitable for electric discharge machining (EDM). The layer sequence in the asymmetric three-layered composites was SiC/SiC-5GNPs/SiC-15GNPs, while in the symmetric five-layered composite, the order of layers was SiC-15GNPs/SiC-5GNPs/SiC/SiC-5GNPs/SiC-15GNPs. The layered samples were prepared by rapid hot-pressing (RHP) applying various pressures, and it was shown that for the preparation of dense 3- or 5-layered SiC/GNPs composites, at least 30 MPa of the applied load was required during sintering. The electrical conductivity of 3-layered and 5-layered composites increased significantly with increasing sintering pressure when measured on the SiC surface layer containing 15 wt.% of GNPs. The increasing GNPs content had a positive influence on the electrical conductivity of individual layers, while their instrumented hardness and elastic modulus decreased. The scratch tests confirmed that the materials consisted of well-defined layers with straight interfaces without any delamination, which suggests good adhesion between the individual layers.

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Changing Trends in Age and Sex Distributions of Lyme Disease—United States, 1992-2016

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/00333549211026777 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003335492110267

Author(s):

Kiersten J. Kugeler ◽

Paul S. Mead ◽

Amy M. Schwartz ◽

Alison F. Hinckley

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Lyme Disease ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Relative Size ◽

The United States ◽

Male Predominance ◽

Age Related ◽

Over Time ◽

Age And Sex

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and is characterized by a bimodal age distribution and male predominance. We examined trends in reported cases during a 25-year period to describe changes in the populations most affected by Lyme disease in the United States. We examined demographic characteristics of people with confirmed cases of Lyme disease reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 1992-2016 through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. We grouped cases into 5-year periods (1992-1996, 1997-2001, 2002-2006, 2007-2011, 2012-2016). We calculated the average annual incidence by age and sex and used incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to describe changes in Lyme disease incidence by age and sex over time. We converted patient age at time of illness into patient birth year to ascertain disease patterns according to birth cohorts. The incidence of Lyme disease in the United States doubled from 1992-1996 to 2012-2016 (IRR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.70-1.78) and increased disproportionately among males; IRRs were 39%-89% higher among males than among females for most age groups. During the study period, children aged 5-9 years were most frequently and consistently affected. In contrast, the average age of adults with Lyme disease increased over time; of all adults, people born during 1950-1964 were the most affected by Lyme disease. Our findings suggest that age-related behaviors and susceptibilities may drive infections among children, and the shifting peak among adults likely reflects a probability proportional to the relative size of the baby boom population. These findings can inform targeted and efficient public health education and intervention efforts.

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Debt finance as a public phenomenon: conceptual basics and prospects of democratization

Herald of Ternopil National Economic University ◽

10.35774/visnyk2019.03.035 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 35-50

Author(s):

Olha Kyrylenko ◽

Andrii Derlytsia

Keyword(s):

Public Finance ◽

Public Debt ◽

Institutional Environment ◽

Government Debt ◽

Debt Management ◽

Budget Process ◽

Budget Deficits ◽

The Public ◽

Debt Finance ◽

The Individual

Introduction. Issues of budget deficits, public credit and debt form the sphere of debt finance – a model established in a particular country for ensuring the balance of the budget, the organization of government borrowings, the system of public debt management in order to influence the development of the economy and the functioning of public finance. Methods. The methods of abstraction, comparison, institutional analysis and idealization have been used. Results. The study draws attention to the microeconomic fundamentals of debt finance, considering them through the prism of the individual interests. It has been found out that the developed Western countries are characterized by the public nature of debt finances as a result of the evolutionary democratization of public debt – the accessibility of government debt operations to the general public. It is revealed that due to a number of institutional restrictions, the democratization of this sphere in Ukraine has not been fully implemented yet. It is proved that the public debt manifests the same power as pure public goods: the indivisibility in consumption and the impossibility to exclude from the debt burden, which enable its study as public bads. The key features that determine the social nature of debt finance in developed democratic countries are revealed. It is proved that the determinants of debt finance are both economic and political and institutional imbalances, not only in the area of public finance, but also at the level of economic entities. The key components of the institutional environment of the functioning of debt finance are considered: political decision- making mechanisms, procedures of the budget process, the institutional organization of the financial market. It is argued that one of the key shortcomings of the domestic practice of servicing domestic public debt is the insignificant share of debt owned by citizens. Conclusions. The disadvantages and obstacles of democratization of the model of borrowing in Ukraine are studied in the paper. A promising mechanism of financial inclusion of the population in transactions with government debt is proposed.

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Differences in acid phosphomonoesterase activity in forest soils of the Smrk Massive in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. (Czech Republic)

Beskydy ◽

10.11118/beskyd201205020135 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 135-152

Author(s):

A. Bajer ◽

P. Samec ◽

M. Žárník

Keyword(s):

Relative Size ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Principal Component ◽

European Beech ◽

Soil Characteristics ◽

Strong Correlations ◽

Spruce Stands ◽

The Individual ◽

A Site

The purpose of this paper is to determine the individual relations between APEA and specific soils and environmental factors. To disclose these relations, analysis of component vectors and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. Vectors of soil characteristics with participation of APEA (aAKFE) and vectors of pedochemical variables (aCHEM) were also calculated. Their ratio (ia) indicated the relative size of the APEA impact on the relations between pedochemical characteristics. Based on the statistical analyses, different role of APEA in Norway spruce and in European beech stands was detected. While APEA in spruce stands did not show significant correlations with the other examined soil chemical properties, soils under beech stands displayed strong correlations with some of the pedochemical variables. The idea of this research is to find out whether APEA could be used as an indicator of forest vegetation status and of the anthropogenic load on a site.

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Quality of Educational Programs in Life-long Learning

Studia commercialia Bratislavensia ◽

10.2478/v10151-011-0003-2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (13) ◽

pp. 102-110

Author(s):

Alica Lacková ◽

Marta Karkalíková

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Job Performance ◽

Quality Evaluation ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Educational Programs ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Rational Approach ◽

Life Long Learning ◽

The Individual

Quality of Educational Programs in Life-long Learning The paper deals with a systematic approach to education as well as to other areas, which represents a tool ensuring that education was performed effectively and efficiently, that it had positive influence on the society and the individual and it had improved their job performance and quality of life. This rational approach to the development of educational programs, their execution and quality evaluation enables to reach strategic education aims successfully and in a way that they suit and stimulate the requirements of practice.

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On the issue of the formation and development of science as a social institution

Vestnik Universiteta ◽

10.26425/1816-4277-2021-5-207-213 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 207-213

Author(s):

E. S. Nesterenko

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Institutional Environment ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Social Institution ◽

Scientific Activity ◽

Human Potential ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Individual ◽

Developing System ◽

Comprehensive Study

The relevance of scientific research on the specifics of the institutional environment for the development of the Institute of Science in the Russian Federation is associated with the rapid development of the digital economy, in which the development of science is becoming the most important factor in ensuring Russia's competitiveness on the world stage. The author conducted a comprehensive study of the specifics of the institutional environment of the development of the Institute of Science in the Russian Federation. The article studies the stages of formation and development of science as a certain social institution. The paper presents the criteria of institutionalization and it is established that the Institute of Science meets them. The study highlights the purpose and functions of science as a social institution. The paper also proposes the institutional environment for the functioning of the Institute of Science, taking into account the state and the individual as an integral part of successful development. The author concludes that science as a social institution is a self-organizing, self-regulating and self-developing system based on the realization of human potential through special tools of scientific activity and special organizations and aimed at the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge.

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Self-Employment in New Zealand

Labour Employment and Work in New Zealand ◽

10.26686/lew.v0i0.999 ◽

1970 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard Bururu

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Census Data ◽

Labour Force ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Future Research ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Time Series Regression ◽

Self Employment

This paper provides a preliminary analysis of self-employment in New Zealand. Using census data from Supennap3 and HLFS data, we find that self-employment is growing with an increased proportion of the labour force being self-employed now than in 1986. This growth is however quite modest. Pull factors attracting people to self-employment appear to be stronger than push factors whereby people enter self-employment because of lack of alternative opportunities. However, results are not definitive. A possible causal relationship between self-employment and unemployment is explored using a time-series regression model. Results suggest a negative and significant relationship between self-employment and lagged unemployment rate. We also observe a weak but positive influence of the ECA, tax and intellectual property rights reforms on self-employment. There are regional differences in regard to factors that could be influencing individuals' decisions to enter into self-employment. While pull factors may explain entry into self-employment for Tasman, Marlborough, Southland and West Coast regions, unemployment appears to be a strong factor for Northland, Taranaki, Waikato, and the Bay of Plenty. The analysis also looks at self-employment by occupation, qualifications, income, industry, age, gender and ethnicity. The paper concludes by mentioning policy implications and suggesting future research.

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THE INFLUENCE OF INTENTION UTILIZATION AND USE OF ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE ON INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE: UNIFIED THEORY APPROACH OF ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY (UTAUT) MODEL

Jurnal Akuntansi ◽

10.33369/j.akuntansi.6.1.85-100 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 85-100

Author(s):

Madani Hatta ◽

Fenny Marietza ◽

Rewa Yoke Desthomson

Keyword(s):

Social Influence ◽

Individual Performance ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Theory Approach ◽

Performance Expectation ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

Accounting Software ◽

Facilitating Conditions ◽

The Individual ◽

Significant Positive Influence

This study aims to determine the influence of utilization intention and use accounting software for individual performance by using a model unifiedtheory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) consisted of performance expectation, effort expectation, social influence, facilitating conditions, the intention of the use of accounting software, the useof accounting software, and the individual performance. The sample in this study were 61 employees of the banking company in the city of Bengkulu who use accounting software in their working activity. The results showed that the performance expectation has significant positive influence to intention utilization accounting software, effort expectation has significant positive influence to the intention utilization accounting software, social influence has significant positive influence to the use of accounting software intention, facilitating condition has significant positive influence to the use of accounting software, accounting software utilization intention has significant positive influence to the use of accounting software and the use of accounting software has positive influence to the performance of the individual.Key words : Performance Expectation, Effort Expectation, Social Influence, The Facilitating Conditions, Intention Utilization, Use of Accounting Software, UTAUT.

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Análisis de materiales didácticos digitales para guiar y/o apoyar el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje de las matemáticas

tic revista d innovació educativa ◽

10.7203/attic.20.12117 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 72 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dorinda Mato-Vázquez ◽

Mª Montserrat Castro-Rodríguez ◽

Camino Pereiro González

Keyword(s):

Canary Islands ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Digital Technologies ◽

Online Resources ◽

Autonomous Community ◽

Teaching And Learning Mathematics ◽

Learning Mathematics ◽

The Individual ◽

Media Channels

Digital technologies have brought about a revolution in all areas of life: technological, business, communicative, cultural, and even in knowledge and entertainment. In the educational landscape it also has its reflection and the methodologies and resources have been redrawn, in terms of different media, channels, languages, narratives, etc. These changes, substantive and profound, affect all the society simultaneously, but other agents as educational administrations and the publishing sector is also involved. In this research we analyze a sample of institutional portals and commercial platforms that offer digital didactic resources in the area of mathematics in the Autonomous Community of Galicia. We focus on the type of materials, the pedagogical model that underlies them, the differences between commercial and institutional platforms, their use, impact on teaching and learning mathematics in the classroom, etc. The instrument used was a questionnaire designed ad hoc and validated and administered to 13 commercial platforms; both those produced commercially by publishing companies and those of an institutional nature generated by the regional administrations of the Canary Islands, Galicia and Valencia. The results indicate that, although the range of online offer of didactic materials for mathematics is wide and with varied formats, they have pedagogical shortcomings that do not favor active methodologies or a true integration of other alternatives that promote the development of open, flexible educational projects that facilitate the attention to the individual and collective diversity of each person, as well as the participation, interactivity / connectivity of the educational community, since most reproduce the format of the printed textbook by adding some online resources.

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