Designing an Ultra-Negative Dispersion Photonic Crystal Fiber with Square-Lattice Geometry

We have theoretically investigated the dispersion characteristics of dual-core PCF, based on square-lattice geometry by varying different parameters. The fiber exhibits a very large negative dispersion because of rapid slope change of the refractive indices at the coupling wavelength between the inner core and outer core. The dependence of different geometrical parameters, namely, hole-to-hole spacing (Λ) and different air-hole diameter (d), was investigated in detail. By proper adjustment of the available parameters, a high negative dispersion value of -47,500 ps/nm/km has been achieved around the wavelength of 1550 nm. Our proposed fiber will be an excellent device for dispersion compensation in long-haul data transmission as being thousand times more than the available DCFs.

Characterization of Silver Oxide Films Formed by Reactive RF Sputtering at Different Substrate Temperatures

Silver oxide (A2O) films were deposited on glass and silicon substrates held at temperatures in the range 303–473 K by reactive RF magnetron sputtering of silver target. The films formed at room temperature were single phase Ag2O with polycrystalline in nature, while those deposited at 373 K were improved in the crystallinity. The films deposited at 423 K were mixed phase of Ag2O and Ag. Atomic force micrographs of the films formed at room temperature were of spherical shape grains with size of 85 nm, whereas those deposited at 473 K were with enhanced grain size of 215 nm with pyramidal shape. Electrical resistivity of the single phase films formed at room temperature was 5.2 × 10−3 Ωcm and that of mixed phase was 4.2 × 10−4 Ωcm. Optical band gap of single phase films increased from 2.05 to 2.13 eV with the increase of substrate temperature from 303 to 373 K, while in mixed phase films it was 1.92 eV.

Wavelength Dependent Haze of Transparent Glass-Particle Filled Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Composites

Glass particles as filler were incorporated in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix. The refractive indexes of both materials match at a wavelength of about 400 nm. The effect of particle volume fraction on the light transmittance and light scattering (haze) in dependence of the refractive index difference was studied. The curve shape of the haze in dependence of the wavelength is comparable to that of the refractive index difference, but the base line of the haze increases with the filling grade. This indicates that there are other scattering or absorbing mechanisms, like defects in the filler binding.

Nonclassical Effects of Light in Fifth Harmonic Generation up to First-Order Hamiltonian Interaction

The nonclassical effects of light in the fifth harmonic generation are investigated by quantum mechanically up to the first-order Hamiltonian interaction. The coupled Heisenberg equations of motion involving real and imaginary parts of the quadrature operators are established. The occurrence of amplitude squeezing effects in both quadratures of the radiation field in the fundamental mode is investigated and found to be dependent on the selective phase values of the field amplitude. The photon statistics in the fundamental mode have also been investigated and found to be sub-Poissonian in nature. It is observed that there is no possibility to produce squeezed light in the harmonic mode up to first-order Hamiltonian interaction. Further, we have found that the normal squeezing in the harmonic mode directly depends upon the fifth power of the field amplitude of the initial pump field up to second-order Hamiltonian interaction. This gives a method of converting higher-order squeezing in the fundamental mode into normal squeezing in the harmonic mode and vice versa. The analytic expression of fifth-order squeezing of the fundamental mode in the fifth harmonic generation is established.

A Method for the Measurement of Photons Number and Squeezing Parameter in a Quantum Cavity

Measurement of photons number in a quantum cavity is very difficult and the photons number is changed after each measurement. Recently, many efforts have been done for the nondemolition measurement methods. Haroche et al. succeed in recognizing existence or nonexistence of one photon in a quantum cavity. In this paper, we employ their experimental setup for a quantum nondemolition measurement and pump a coherent state in their quantum cavity. In this case, we could detect more photons in the quantum cavity by a measurement of a displaced Wigner function. It is also shown that the measurement of more than one photon is possible by the Haroche method by measuring just one point of displaced Wigner function. Furthermore, if the cavity field is filled by a superposition of two number states, the average number of photons within the cavity would be measurable. We show that their setup is also suitable to apply for the measurement of the squeezing parameter for the squeezed state of photons number in the quantum cavity successfully.

Admittance Loci Based Design of a Plasmonic Structure Using Ag-Au Bimetallic Alloy Film

A theoretical study based on the use of admittance loci method in the design of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based structure using Ag-Au bimetallic alloy film of different alloy fractions and nanoparticle sizes has been reported along with some interesting performance related simulated results at 633 nm wavelength. The sensitivity and other performance parameter issues of the structure based on the choice of correct alloy fraction and nanoparticle size of Ag-Au bimetallic alloy film have also been discussed giving due importance to the dynamic range of the designed structure.

Circular Photonic Crystal Fibers: Numerical Analysis of Chromatic Dispersion and Losses

Detailed numerical analysis for dispersion properties and losses has been carried out for a new type of Photonic crystal fiber where the air-holes are arranged in a circular pattern with a silica matrix called as Circular Photonic Crystal Fiber (C-PCF). The dependence of different PCF geometrical parameters namely different circular spacings, air-hole diameter and numbers of air-hole rings are carried out in detail towards practical applications. Our numerical analysis establishes that total dispersion is strongly affected by the interplay between material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. For smaller air-filing fraction, adding extra air-hole rings does not change dispersion much whereas for higher air-filling fraction, the dispersion nature changes significantly. With proper adjustment of the parameters ultra-flattened dispersion could be achieved; though the application can be limited by higher losses. However, the ultra-flat dispersion fibers can be used for practical high power applications like supercontinuum generation (SCG) by reducing the loss at the pumping wavelength by increasing the no of air-hole rings. Broadband smooth SCG can also be achieved with low loss oscillating near-zero dispersion fiber with higher no of air-hole rings. The detail study shows that for realistic dispersion engineering we need to be careful for both loss and dispersion.

Numerical Analysis of Ridged-Circular Nanoaperture for Near-Field Optical Disk

A ridged-circular nanoaperture is investigated through three-dimensional (finite-difference time-domain) FDTD method. The motion equations of free electrons are inserted to analyze a metallic material. The electromagnetic field distributions of optical near-field around the aperture are investigated. The phase change disk illuminated by a near-field optical light through a ridged-circular nanoaperture is also analyzed. The far-field scattering patterns from the phase change disk and the crosstalk characteristics between plural marks are studied.

A Modified Structure for All-Glass Photonic Bandgap Fibers: Dispersion Characteristics and Confinement Loss Analysis

This paper investigates a modified structure for all-glass photonic bandgap fiber (AGPBF) having up-doped silica rods in the cladding region instead of air holes using plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods. The proposed AGPBF structure exhibits tunable dispersion properties and improved confinement loss. It is observed that the confinement loss can be reduced simply by using a higher doping concentration in silica rods in the cladding. Also, it is possible to achieve flattened dispersion of the order of 1 ps/nm/km over a wide wavelength range.