Ukrainians in Belarus: distribution and ethnolinguistic processes

The article analyzes the distribution and ethnolinguistic processes in the environment of the Ukrainian diaspora in Belarus. Because of the fact that the part of Ukrainian ethnic territory (currently Brest region) is located in Belarus, not all Ukrainians living in the country can be correctly named a diaspora. To avoiding terminology-related complications, in the article we use the general term Ukrainian diaspora. The study is based on the results of censuses conducted in Belarus after 1991. The article analyzes the ethnic environment of residence of the Ukrainian diaspora based on the ethnocultural and ethnolinguistic criteria of the censuses. In particular, using mathematical and statistical methods of analysis of the ethnic composition of the country’s population, we estimated such indicators as the index of ethnic diversity, ethnic mosaic, socio-ethnic density, etc. These indicators were estimated for districts and the largest cities of Belarus, taking into account the largest ethnic groups living in the country. The result of these estimations was the creation of a number of thematic maps that complement the article. The study highlights the areas of compact residence of Ukrainians, identifies districts and cities where the number of Ukrainians changed the most and the least during the inter-census periods of 1999–2009 and 2009–2019. The dynamics of the number and settlement of Ukrainians in the Ukrainian ethnic territories is analyzed. In this context, it was found that in addition to the Brest region, there is a dense concentration of Ukrainians in the capital, major cities of the country, a number of district centers in the southwestern part of the country. It was determined that the share of Ukrainians living in cities is growing. The growth rate of the number of Ukrainians for the period between 2009 and 2019 in the largest cities of the country ranges from + 7% (Mogilev) to 77.45% (Novopolotsk). It was found that the country is monoethnic in its ethnic composition based on the analysis of a number of indicators related to the ethnic composition of the population of Belarus. A more diverse ethnic composition of the population and therefore higher rates were recorded in large cities and areas densely populated with individual ethnic groups (Russians, Poles and Ukrainians). The Ukrainian diaspora in the country is undergoing processes of Russification, the share of Ukrainians who indicate Ukrainian as their mother tongue is declining. The share of Ukrainians whose native language is Belarusian is also declining. That is, it can be argued that Russification affects not only Ukrainians in Belarus, but also the Belarusians themselves. The research also revealed that villagers are more resistant to language assimilation,and Ukrainians in cities most often indicate Russian as their native language.

POSITION OF THE UKRAINIAN-CANADIAN SCIENTIST JAROSLAV RUDNYTSKYJ IN THE SETTELMENT OF THE LANGUAGE CONFLICT OF IMMIGRANTS

The article analyzes one of the problems of personal relations belonging to the ethnic minority of the immigration community and the English- and French-speaking majority of the elite nation of the country of new immigrants, highlights the problem of preserving the national identity of Ukrainians in the Canadian diaspora through persistent, consistent and tolerant steps. Ukrainian linguist, folklorist, Slavist, librarian, organizer of science, teacher, public figure, Professor J. Rudnytsky in opposition to the linguistic assimilation of his own people; the principledness of the scientist in resolving the linguistic conflict, which gave a positive solution for both parties - Canada and the Ukrainian diaspora. The importance of the civic position and significant potential opportunities to influence the official circles of the country, government commissions, committees, international organizations and public opinion of authoritative intellectual work in society and academia, which, using historically sound evidence, proves the objectivity of his point of view. in this way he protects the national dignity of his people, their ancient and rich culture and defends his moral principles and beliefs. A bibliographic review of J. Rudnytsky's scientific work was carried out, where on the basis of historically balanced facts, historical-political, linguistic analysis he investigated the essence of language assimilation, which is equal to the destruction of national identity. It is shown that lexicographical works, conclusions from them gave the scientist a basis to win the struggle for the Constitutional recognition of the Ukrainian language in Canada, which supported the policy of official languages and multiculturalism in the country. It is emphasized that scientific conclusions gave the scientist the opportunity to summarize and summarize the research and became the basis for the introduction into public circulation of a capacious definition - linguocide (language murder), which is now widely used in scientific works.

SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CONSONANTISM OF THE OLD UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN THE LETTERS OF THE XV CENT.

The article deals with the language of valuable reminders of the official style – Middle-Age letters. With the help of the end-to-end analysis of the XV century documents there were investigated the special aspects of consonantism of the Old Ukrainian language of that time, the territorial specificity of the witnessed phonetic phenomena was determined. On the basis of the developed methodology for the analysis of written monuments, the first attempt in the Ukrainian studies of systematic investigation of variational phonetic elements was made, the causes of language fluctuations were clarified, the role of dialects, foreign-language influences in the emergence of phonetic and morphological variability of written monuments of the specified period was identified, the place of linguistic parallelism in the formation of a specific literary-written system in the Ukrainian and adjacent territories of XV century was determined. Many important sound changes were observed: the hardening of the consonant [p’], typical of the south-western Ukrainian dialects; the hardening of sibilants, typical of the Ukrainian language system; frequent examples of the hard consonant [ų], characteristic of the North-Ukrainian sub-dialects; assimilation by the soft apical consonants of the neighboring [j], reflected in the modern Ukrainian language; assimilation in the combinations of “sonant + voiceless” and “voiceless + sonant”; simplification in the groups of consonants, present in Ukrainian nowadays; diverse specificity of reflexes of the sound combinations *dj, *zdj; signs of transition [мj]> [мн], typical of the south-western sub-dialects; reflection of sounds [г] and [ґ], etc. Various consequences of the phonemic implementation have led to the development of variability in the consonant system of the Old Ukrainian language of the XV century.

The Viral of Anjay Word: Indonesia Slang (Literature Study of Slang)

Slang uses referred to modernity, language assimilation, and language variety in socialdiscourses; that underlined the background to the reason of young generation toassimilate and modification, as a tool for communicating also socialization. Importantly,slang even the outer level of young ages, will interpret as negative meanings, but theygoing to acquire in variety moment. That culture or we can appeal as language behave,promoting their boundaries as independent language user. In further slang became thesymbol of freedom of speech, the popularity of zoom generation, a group of human classentity, and modern life. All perspective above, that grounded and interrelated to slanguses, was implicating to the use of Anjay word [as the representative or reflection of thevarious slang in Indonesia]. A word such Anjay, transported from negative meaningswhich rooting of [dog-word; in Bahasa Indonesia as Anjing] became one of popular slangthat expressed of enthusiasm, adore, joke, love, and friendship to one object.Unpredictable and unthinkable, why, today, as researcher try to describe this topic, thatword was problematic to the outer ages of young generation. We have to notice that,Anjay popularity have been using for years, and Indonesian known as one of our Prokemor in English call Slang. Besides that, the highest trend of the uses of that word wasachieving in period of YouTube golden age likes in the mid of pandemic. There hasnumerous user of Anjay word in the moment of speaking. To adhere that issue, researcherwas in purpose to describe from scientific attention, in short the interchangeable oflanguage scope to the Anjay word in depth, the method was literature study that compiledof journal-thesis-and bachelor paper. Result showed that slang in general studies, wereseveral of type. So that, we have to consider not also the root of word, but the locus,segment of the user, the reason behind the slang used, and the other language studiesfactor, such as semantic, lexicon, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic. Shortly, Anjay wordinterpretation or description, considered as various slang that not only simply to relate fornegative meanings as its viral discussion, but as the language expression to the entitygroup such young ages.

Ethnocultural Factor of Inclusive Education Development (by the Examples of the Russian Federation and Kyrgyz Republic)

The article addresses the problems of inclusive education development through the prism of ethnocultural factors. A small comparative analysis of inclusive education development is given: legislative and law basis, cultural traditions in Russia and Kyrgyzstan, language and customs. The ethnocultural factor of inclusive education development is expressed through the language of “study” at schools and professional educational organizations. The author emphasizes the signs of our time – language assimilation in the countries of the former Soviet Union. It is shown that many parents in the north of Kyrgyzstan send their children, including children with disabilities, to study at Russian schools, and it causes additional barriers in learning, along with the barriers caused by physical and intellectual disabilities.

Theory of Second and Foreign Language Learning

Textbook theory of second language learning being the object under consideration, its coherence with the concepts of theory as a wide-ranging idea and language learning theory is established. Textbook theory is regarded as an indispensable part of language study implementing its fundamental principles. A conceptual hierarchical structure of three-level complexity corresponding to general research theory, theory of second language assimilation, and textbook theory is developed in order to provide congruence between the grades of the ranking model, which presumes the identification of significant uniform characteristics common to each (and any) type of theory. For the entire system to be modeled in holistic terms, there has been advanced a binary conception of theory construction. The binary opposition is a systematically organized functional formation with a large constructive and explanatory potential that allows us to use it for a complete description of the structure of a theory including its idealized object.

Русинськый язык у Мадярщинї по 1989 рокови

The Rusyn Language in Hungary After 1989 The paper discusses the current situation of the language of Rusyns in Hungary. There are evidences of progressive disappearance of Rusyn dialects in villages of Komloska (Комловшка) and Mucsony (Мучонь); of language assimilation of the younger inhabitants of these places in North-Eastern Hungary in recent decades. The author also describes endeavors of Rusyns’ central and local, state subsidized self-government bodies to stop language assimilation and bring lessons of the Rusyn language to local schools in the two villages, as well as attempts of politicians and linguists to codify their variant of the literary Rusyn language (as Rusyns from the former Yugoslavia, Slovakia, and Poland did).