Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions:Insight and Review

Contamination of water bodies by industrial and domestic effluents containing heavy metals is today considered a big threat to man, flora and fauna. Solving this problem resulting from rapid industrialization has been a challenge over time. From different experimental results obtained, biosorption is considered a part of the solution to this problem. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is an alternative technique that is cost-effective due to availability of large amount of sorption materials and low or no chemical/energy demand. In this article, a review of past and current outcomes of biosorption studies using different biomaterials was carried out. This review also looked into various factors affecting heavy metals biosorption, adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics.

Study on Bio-Diesel as Alternate Fuel Used in I.C. Engines

One of the major incentives for expanding the production and use of bio-fuels worldwide is the potential environmental benefit that can be obtained from replacing petroleum fuels with fuels derived from renewable biomass resources. The use of vegetable oil in diesel engines is one of the available alternatives, but its use in existing vehicles usually requires modification of engine or fuel system components. The increased viscosity, low volatility, and poor cold flow properties of vegetable oils lead to severe engine deposits, injector coking, and piston ring sticking. The paper presents a literature review on vegetable oils as alternative bio-fuel for diesel engines.

Analysis of the Production Routine of Iodine123 at IEN and an Adaptation Proposal for a New Radiopharmaceuticals Production Facility

The Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) is the main manufacturer of radiopharmaceuticals in Brazil. The Nuclear Engineering Institute (IEN), located at Rio de Janeiro, is one of its main research and production centers, supplying public and private hospitals in the country. This radiopharmaceutical production is used in diagnostic and therapy procedures and allows one and a half million nuclear medicine procedures annually. However, IEN facilities were designed in the 60's and today its structure is inadequate in relation to the good manufacturing practices established by sanitary regulator (ANVISA) for the production of radiopharmaceuticals, leading to the need for a new project. In order to adapt and increase production in the country, a new plant will be built and integrated to the existing facilities with a new 30 MeV Cyclotron. Thus, it is proposed an analysis of the productive capacity of this plant in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practices in order to define daily production and propose an optimized routine. As a result, the IEN / CNEN will in the future have a well-defined and standardized production process, with the flexibility to produce several radioisotopes required in nuclear medicine, obtaining a greater efficiency in its operation.

Art and Science Euclidean Geometry-The Five Axioms via Art

The major objective of this article is to demonstrate by artworks Euclid’s five axioms, which are the basis of his planar geometry. Euclid, a Greek mathematician and philosopher, lived between 325 BC and 265 BC where his image is demonstrated in (Figure 1). It was transplanted on an artwork of the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) consisting of a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines which are the basis of Euclidean geometry.

Prediction of Methane and Ethane Gas Hydrate Formation and Their Mixture in a Porous Medium

The purpose of this paper is to study the thermodynamic modeling of the conditions for methane and ethane gas hydrate formation and their mixtures in a porous and non-porous environment. In this paper, the Van der Waals- Platteeuw thermodynamic model was used for prediction of gas hydrate formation conditions. Also, the SRK and PTV equations of state were used for calculations of driving force. In this research, the results of thermodynamic modeling in a porous were compared with the non-porous environment and laboratory data in the literature. Studies have shown that the results of the modeling are in good agreement with the laboratory data and the percentage of errors is low. The results also showed that with increasing pressure of porous and non-porous media, the equilibrium temperature increases. In addition, the effect of the pore diameter of porous media on the results of modeling was investigated for methane, ethane and their mixtures during gas hydrates formation. The results showed that by increasing the pressure for any size of the pore diameter of the porous medium, hydrate formation temperature increases. In addition, by increasing the pore diameter of the porous medium, hydrate formation temperature methane, ethane and their mixture increase at a constant pressure. The results also showed that the equilibrium temperature of the non-porous medium is higher than the equilibrium temperature of the non-porous medium. This shows that the hydrate formation in the porous medium has a deterrent effect and leads to lower temperatures and higher temperatures conditions for gas hydrate formation. The results showed that by increasing the percentage of methane in a porous or non-porous medium, the temperature of hydrate formation of the binary gas mixture of methane and ethane decreases.

Liquid Desiccants Applications in Cooling and Dehumidification – An Overview

Potential option to replace the traditionally used vapor compression system with desiccant based dehumidification and cooling to overcome the problems in VCR use like as substantial consumption of high grade electrical energy and to eliminate the use of the CFC based refrigerants which are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer. The desiccant cooling can be proved to be an efficient in highly moist atmosphere to handles the latent cooling load of the conditioned space. The present overview explains about the detailed ideas for making use of various chemicals as the desiccant solution for their optimum cost and characteristics. The desiccant cooling can handle both humidity and temperature separately and effectively to produce necessary thermal comfort within the conditioned space. The desiccant cooling can find optimum use of renewable solar energy in air conditioning by applying them for desiccant regeneration to lower the consumption of electricity which produced mostly by fossil fuel based power plants which leads to problem of pollution subsequently. The present review provides the direction for effective use of the desiccant based cooling for separable control over temperature and humidity in case of both residential and industrial use to ameliorate the dual - energy and cost saving.

Liquid Desiccants Applications in Cooling and Dehumidification – An Overview

Potential option to replace the traditionally used vapor compression system with desiccant based dehumidification and cooling to overcome the problems in VCR use like as substantial consumption of high grade electrical energy and to eliminate the use of the CFC based refrigerants which are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer. The desiccant cooling can be proved to be an efficient in highly moist atmosphere to handles the latent cooling load of the conditioned space. The present overview explains about the detailed ideas for making use of various chemicals as the desiccant solution for their optimum cost and characteristics. The desiccant cooling can handle both humidity and temperature separately and effectively to produce necessary thermal comfort within the conditioned space. The desiccant cooling can find optimum use of renewable solar energy in air conditioning by applying them for desiccant regeneration to lower the consumption of electricity which produced mostly by fossil fuel based power plants which leads to problem of pollution subsequently. The present review provides the direction for effective use of the desiccant based cooling for separable control over temperature and humidity in case of both residential and industrial use to ameliorate the dual - energy and cost saving.

Variability of Data When Testing the Handbrake Parking System vs The Electronic Park Brake with Three Maha Testers at Ministry of Transport Facilities

This research is focused on the test of the traditional handbrake parking brake vs the electronic parking brake (EPB) systems at Ministry of transport facilities. Different results are obtained when testing on three different roller bed testers from the Maha brand. Data variation results when braking with both systems are the same due to the MOT brake tester characteristics.

Variability of Data When Testing the Handbrake Parking System vs The Electronic Park Brake with Three Maha Testers at Ministry of Transport Facilities

This research is focused on the test of the traditional handbrake parking brake vs the electronic parking brake (EPB) systems at Ministry of transport facilities. Different results are obtained when testing on three different roller bed testers from the Maha brand. Data variation results when braking with both systems are the same due to the MOT brake tester characteristics.

Facility Design Variations using a Strong Component based Methodology

In this presentation is shown how a strong component-based facility layout design methodology addresses the design problem when some design relevant factors are adapted. The strong-component-based methodology proposes a unique structural design, a non-dedicated facility, capable of producing a family of products that require similar operations and workstations, which can be shared. Simultaneously, the methodology suggests that this structure can take advantage of both, known classical layout designs, product and process, in a single or multiple machine environments. In addition, adding or reducing a number of stations, adding feeding and storage facilities, considering qualitative and quantitative coefficients are some of the factors variations that can be addressed when using this methodology. In consequence, organisational impacts of the facility layout problem are addressed and solutions that can be obtained using the strong component-based methodology are suggested when the interrelations diagram are crated, an essential diagram which eases the facility design goals.