WiMAX and Wi-Fi Services through Mobile Networks

WIFI and WiMAX became popular worldwide due to simplicity of installation and cost reduction compared with traditional DSL cable. The key challenge of WiFi is the restricted mobility of the user whereas mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16m) provides ubiquitous environment to the user. The recent challenges of WiMAX is managing radio resources (both licensed and unlicensed) efficiently through different QoS service classes, implementing proper modulation and coding schemes at PHY, proper antenna selection in MIMO to achieve better QOS. User can avail the benefits of speed and mobility through an integrated architecture comprising WiFi and WiMAX. This chapter provides an in depth performance evaluation of Mobile WiMAX and WiFi under various Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS), cyclic prefixes and different path-loss models under integrated environment. Moreover, we present an optimized adaptive modulation scheme that senses the SNR and adaptively switches to required MCS to achieve desired level of QoS and link stability.

SON in Location-Based Services

This chapter forays into the literature of emerging field of Self-Organization Network (SON) and its application in the area of location-based services. SON is a widely applied technology in the ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks and automatic computer networks. This chapter deal exclusively about the projects, standards and literature of SON in the context of the cellular networks and how it can aid to achieve higher position accuracy information of the subscriber. Additionally, in this chapter a clear understanding of SON taxonomy and the guidelines for the design of SON has been presented and a comparison of SON with the existing solutions about its strength and weakness has been made in this chapter. The key research areas for further development is also highlighted in this chapter. This literature will provide comprehensive guidance for anyone interested to delve into the research of SON in cellular wireless communication and location based services.

A Perspective on Self-Optimization in Next Generation Cellular Networks

During the past few decades wireless technology has seen a tremendous growth. The recent introduction of high-end mobile devices has further increased subscribers' demand for high bandwidth and quality of service. The number of nodes in future cellular systems will be too large to be configured and maintained manually. Further the mobility of users, the varying nature of the wireless channel and variation in user demand systems requires optimization of network parameters and delay in configuration may cause congestion and poor Quality of Service. Due to this increased complexity and the huge scale of wireless systems the network configuration, optimization and maintenance process performed by radio engineers has become inefficient and therefore, lot of research is being done to introduce self-optimizing capabilities within the network, which is expected to permit higher end user Quality of Service (QoS) and less operation cost and maintenance cost for telecom service providers. This chapter details the key aspects related to self optimization of next generation cellular networks.

Manifested Consumption

Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in internet-enabled devices including smartphones which have enabled many tasks to be performed online. One of the major activities taking place on these online platforms is shopping. Indeed, shopping has changed the landscape of consumption from visiting conventional physical shops to consuming products and services in a digital arena. Despite a proliferation of both theoretical and empirical studies on smartphones marketplace, there is still a paucity of studies on how mobile phone devices enhance and facilitate consumption from physical marketplace to online market marketspace. This chapter aims to contribute to extant studies on how smartphones impact on consumption process.

Trace- and Social-Based Modeling of Human Mobility Patterns

The 5th Generation (5G) of mobile communication networks is being developed to address the demands and business contexts of 2020 and beyond. Its vision is to enable a fully mobile and connected society and also to trigger socio-economic transformations in ways eventually unimagined today. This means that the physical world to be covered with planned 5G networks including communication networks, humans and objects is becoming a type of an information system. So as to improve the experience of individuals, communities, societies, etc. within such systems, a thorough comprehension of intelligence processes responsible of generating, handling and controlling those data is fundamental. One of the major aspects in this context and also the focus of this chapter is the development of novel methods to model human mobility patterns, which have crucial role in forthcoming communication technologies. Human mobility patterns models can be categorized into synthetic, trace-based and community-based models. Synthetic models are largely preferred and widely applied to simulate mobile communication networks. They try to capture the patterns of human movements by means of a set of equations. These models are traceable, however, not capable of generating realistic mobility models. The key idea of trace-based models is the exploitation of available measurements and traces achieved in deployed systems to reproduce synthetic traces characterized by the same statistical properties of real traces. A main drawback of trace-based modeling of human patterns is the tight coupling between the trace-based model and the traces collected, the network topology deployed and even the geographic location, where the traces were collected. This is why the results of various trace-based models deviate clearly from each other. Sure, this prohibits the generalization of trace-based models. When one also considers that the traces themselves are rarely available, one can understand why synthetic models are preferred over trace-based ones. Community-based modeling of human movements depends on the fact stating that mobile devices are usually carried by humans, which implies that movement patterns of such devices are necessarily related to human decisions and socialization behaviors. So, human movement routines heavily affect the overall movement patterns resulting. One of the major contributions in this context is the application of social networks theory to generate more realistic human movement patterns. The chapter highlights the state of art and provides a comprehensive investigation of current research efforts in the field of trace- and social-based modeling of human mobility patterns. It reviews well-known approaches going through their pros and cons. In addition, the chapter studies an aspect that heavily relates to human mobility patterns, namely the prediction of future locations of users.

Trust-Based Security Mechanisms for Self-Organized Networks (SONs)

Self-Organized Networks (SONs) are an advancement of today's communication that arises to overcome the problems in traditional communications in terms of their planning, configuration, optimization, healing and management since the rate of utilizing communication technology is gradually increasing day by day hence an optimum mechanism is needed to cope up with all the changes in the communication era, the result is self-organized networks. The success of SONs depends on how it is effectively utilized without any compromise in its security. However its unique characteristics offer both opportunities and challenges. The aim of this chapter is to begins with the essential concept of SONs such as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN), Peer to Peer Networks (P2P), Cognitive Radio Networks, Bio-Inspired Networks and Internet of Things (IoT) and their limitations in different perspectives. As these networks have penetrated into the human life with an anytime anywhere capability, the security of the data being processed and communicated through these networks become vital. This chapter tries to bring out the issues and challenges in providing a trust based solution mechanisms for this type of networks.

Impact of Network Dynamics on the Performance of Distributed Physical Cell Identities Assignment Schemes

Conflicts-free auto-configuration of Physical Cell Identities (PCIs) is a main challenge in LTE systems. This challenge is the focus of this chapter, which provides a survey of present PCI assignment as well as allocation schemes and evaluates by means of simulative studies the performance of four well-known distributed PCI assignment approaches. The simulation is achieved applying two types of scenarios, namely static and dynamic. Static scenario stands for an already deployed LTE network that is a subject to a configuration using a specific PCI assignment approach, while the dynamic scenario tries to mimic the situations LTE networks are expected to face in real-life scenarios. Our results show that network dynamics heavily affect the performance of PCI assignment approaches, and even may transit LTE networks to an unstable state. So, it is essential to consider network dynamics by concept in any PCI assignment scheme to be developed.

Joint Source Channel Coding and Diversity Techniques for 3G/4G/LTE-A

There has been a tremendous growth in the joint source channel coding techniques of recent wireless communication system. The main objective of this technique is to simplify the architecture which eliminates the network errors and instability. This chapter mainly focuses on Joint Source Channel Coding (JSCC) in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) diversity to minimize the effects of noise, distortion and related phenomena for better reception of the signal with increased efficiency and spectrum utilization with link reliability. JSCC techniques in presence of 3G/4G/LTE-A for high data rate communication with the carrier aggregation is an important element for communication over wireless channel. In this chapter, the authors shall discuss the current state of research, the challenges related to the deployment of JSCC, the likely solutions and the usefulness as part of upcoming communication networks. A major part of the work shall focus on their suitability in LTE-A frameworks so essential for sustaining the current growth in wireless communication.

Synthetic Modeling of Human Mobility Patterns

One of the wide used modeling techniques applied to model human mobility patterns is synthetic mobility modeling. Synthetic models are largely preferred and widely applied to simulate mobile communication networks. They try to capture the patterns of human movements by means of a set of equations. These models are traceable, however, not capable until now of generating realistic mobility models. The chapter highlights the state of art and provides a comprehensive investigation of current research efforts in the field of synthetic mobility modeling. It reviews well-known approaches along with their pros and cons and finalizes with a qualitative comparison between them.

A Key to 5G Networks of Tomorrow

The emergence of mobile telephony increases the options of its deployment and utilization. As the research goes further, it also delivered Generations of Mobile Communication to us after rapid intervals of time. Each advancement is considers as the generation. Till now Forth Generation (4G) is in its maturity phase and researchers are planning to see 5G commercially around 2020. In upcoming Fifth Generation (5G), vision is to reduce latency typically it will be of less than 1ms, as the latency decrease one more thing will be achieved which can be named as Virtually Zero Distance. As the world is becoming the connected world, the availability of data on global network is going to be huge in size. In addition to that the new emerging concepts like Internet of Things (IoT) are giving boost to the requirement of big data storage and analysis. Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept of providing uniquely identifiable objects connectivity to Internet. This chapter is proposed to highlight the IoT concept and its requirements that are directly linked with the 5G Network technology services.