Rural physicians, rural networks, and free market health care in the 1990s

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Rural Physicians

Do Patients Have Responsibilities in a Free-Market System? a Personal Perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Civaner ◽  
Berna Arda
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Market System ◽  
Care Services ◽  
System A ◽  
Free Market System

The current debate that surrounds the issue of patient rights and the transformation of health care, social insurance, and reimbursement systems has put the topic of patient responsibility on both the public and health care sectors' agenda. This climate of debate and transition provides an ideal time to rethink patient responsibilities, together with their underlying rationale, and to determine if they are properly represented when being called `patient' responsibilities. In this article we analyze the various types of patient responsibilities, identify the underlying motivations behind their creation, and conclude upon their sensibleness and merit. The range of patient responsibilities that have been proposed and implemented can be reclassified and placed into one of four groups, which are more accurate descriptors of the nature of these responsibilities. We suggest that, within the framework of a free-market system, where health care services are provided based on the ability to pay for them, none of these can properly be justified as a patient responsibility.

Market Failures, the Environment, and Human Health

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karyn Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Health Care Demand ◽  
Goods And Services

Knowledge of the important role that the environment plays in determining human health predates the modern public health era. However, the tendency to see health, disease, and their determinants as attributes of individuals rather than characteristics of communities meant that the role of the environment in human health was seldom accorded sufficient importance during much of the 20th century. Instead, research began to focus on specific risk factors that correlated with diseases of greatest concern, i.e., the non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, and diabetes. Many of these risk factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet) were aspects of individual lifestyle and behaviors, freely chosen by the individual. Within this individual-centric framework of human health, the standard economic model for human health became primarily the Grossman model of health and health care demand. In this model, an individual’s health stock may be increased by investing in health (by consuming health services, for example) or decreased by endogenous (age) or exogenous (smoking) individual factors. Within this model, individuals used their available resources, their budget, to purchase goods and services that either increased or decreased their health stock. Grossman’s model provides a consumption-based approach to human health, where individuals purchase goods and services required to improve their individual health in the marketplace. Grossman’s model of health assumes that the goods and services required to optimize good health can be purchased through market-based interactions and that these goods and services are optimally priced—that the value of the goods and services are reflected in their price. In reality, many types of goods and services that are good for human health are not available to purchase, or if they are available they are undervalued in the free market. Across the environmental and health literature, these goods and services are, today, broadly referred to as “ecosystem services for human health.” However, the quasi-public good nature of ecosystem services for human health means that the private market will generate a suboptimal environment for both individual and public health outcomes. In the face of continued austerity and scarce public resources, understanding the role of the environment in human health may help to alleviate future health care demand by decreasing (or increasing) environmental risk (or benefits) associated with health outcomes. However, to take advantage of the role that the environment plays in human health requires a fundamental reorientation of public health policy and spending to include environmental considerations.

Critical Challenges and Impediments Affecting Rural Physicians During a Public Health Emergency

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin J. Putzer ◽  
Mirka Koro-Ljungberg ◽  
R. Paul Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Rural Physicians

ABSTRACTObjective: Disaster preparedness has become a health policy priority for the United States in the aftermath of the anthrax attacks, 9/11, and other calamities. It is important for rural health care professionals to be prepared for a bioterrorist attack or other public health emergency. We sought to determine the barriers impeding rural physicians from being prepared for a human-induced disaster such as a bioterrorist attack.Methods: This study employed a qualitative methodology using key informant interviews followed by grounded theory methods for data analysis. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 6 physicians in the state of Florida from federally designated rural areas.Results: The interview participants articulated primary barriers and the associated factors contributing to these barriers that may affect rural physician preparedness for human-induced emergencies. Rural physicians identified 3 primary barriers: accessibility to health care, communication between physicians and patients, and rural infrastructure and resources. Each of these barriers included associated factors and influences. For instance, according to our participants, access to care was affected by a lack of health insurance, a lack of finances for health services, and transportation difficulties.Conclusions: Existing rural organizational infrastructure and resources are insufficient to meet current health needs owing to a number of factors including the paucity of health care providers, particularly medical specialists, and the associated patient-level barriers. These barriers presumably would be exacerbated in the advent of a human-induced public health emergency. Thus, strategically implemented health policies are needed to mitigate the barriers identified in this study.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:342–348)

scholarly journals Całkowicie prywatna opieka medyczna — próba zarysu

Ekonomia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-195
Author(s):  
Stanisław Wójtowicz ◽  
Kamil Rozynek
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Quality Of Medical Care

In this paper, we explore what the market for medical services and products could look like if the state completely withdrew from the area of medical care. In section 1, we demonstrate that medical services would be purchased mainly through direct payments and medical insurance. We analyse two models of medical insurance: guaranteed renewable insurance and health-status insurance. Other types of insurance that may emerge on the market are also discussed. In section 2, we exam-ine how the privatisation of the health-care system would affect the prices of medical services. We analyse fundamental problems of the state-run health care and discuss how they contribute to small-er supply and higher prices of medical services. We then describe how the introduction of market mechanisms would allow to solve many of these problems. We argue that internalisation of the costs of medical care in a free market order would create strong economic incentives for individuals to take better care of their health, and we contrast this with the state-run health care in which these costs are externalised. In section 3, we explore how medical services could be obtained by individuals without sufficient funds. In section 4, we discuss how the quality of medical care could be ensured without the help of the state. We argue that competition between service providers would be the main guarantor of quality. We also identify mechanisms that would lead to spontaneous emergence of a system of private medical licencing.

EVOLUTION OF THE USA HEALTHCARE: EFFECTIVENESS, SAFETY, QUALITY AND ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-234
Author(s):  
V.N. MINAT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Relevant Market ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
American Health Care ◽  
The Usa

The relevance of the study of the evolution of the socially significant sphere of the United States of America, located at the point of bifurcation of socio-economic development, one way or another concerns the entire global community. The main aim of the study is to identify trends in the evolution of American health care in terms of ensuring the effectiveness, safety, quality and accessibility of medical services. Its achievement is based on the traditional methodological basis of statistical and economic analysis of the average annual growth of the main indicators of the development of American health care during the formation of its modern organizational-functional structure in 1951-2020. The results obtained reflect the general direction of the evolution of the USA health care as a haphazard complex mechanism functioning in direct resonance with socio-economic cyclicality. Identified trends in the evolution of healthcare in the context of the extraordinary commercialization of medicine and insurance dependence of patients on market conditions. Analysis of long-term development indicators of the USA health care dynamics reveals rather low results of permanent reforms of national health care due to the adjustment of their parameters and indicators to the existing concept of free market relations in the relevant market of medical goods and services. The limitation of the market mechanism in the use of potential resources of American health care, which is generally provided with both financial and innovative and technological potential, is revealed.

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