Enantioselective analysis of venlafaxine and its active metabolites: A review on the separation methodologies

The consumption of berry-type fruits has become very popular in recent years because of their positive effects on human health. Berries are in fact widely known for their health-promoting benefits, including prevention of chronic disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Berries are a rich source of bioactive metabolites, such as vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds, mainly anthocyanins. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies recognized the health effects of berries and their function as bioactive modulators of various cell functions associated with oxidative stress. Plants have one of the largest metabolome databases, with over 1200 papers on plant metabolomics published only in the last decade. Mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) are the most important analytical technologies on which the emerging ''omics'' approaches are based. They may provide detection and quantization of thousands of biologically active metabolites from a tissue, working in a ''global'' or ''targeted'' manner, down to ultra-trace levels. In the present review, we highlighted the use of MS and NMR-based strategies and Multivariate Data Analysis for the valorization of berries known for their biological activities, important as food and often used in the preparation of nutraceutical formulations.

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Prospects for Discovering the Secondary Metabolites of Cordyceps Sensu Lato by the Integrated Strategy

Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573406416666191227120425 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 97-120

Author(s):

Shabana Bibi ◽

Yuan-Bing Wang ◽

De-Xiang Tang ◽

Mohammad Amjad Kamal ◽

Hong Yu

Keyword(s):

Drug Design ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Design Methods ◽

Chinese Herbs ◽

Active Metabolites ◽

Computer Aided Drug Design ◽

Design Concepts ◽

Conventional Drug ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Design Techniques

: Some species of Cordyceps sensu lato are famous Chinese herbs with significant biological activities, often used as edible food and traditional medicine in China. Cordyceps represents the largest entomopathogenic group of fungi, including 40 genera and 1339 species in three families and incertae sedis of Hypocreales. Objective: Most of the Cordyceps-derivatives have been approved clinically for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, cancers, inflammation, cardiovascular, renal and neurological disorders and are used worldwide as supplements and herbal drugs, but there is still need for highly efficient Cordyceps-derived drugs for fatal diseases with approval of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Methods: Computer-aided drug design concepts could improve the discovery of putative Cordyceps- derived medicine within less time and low budget. The integration of computer-aided drug design methods with experimental validation has contributed to the successful discovery of novel drugs. Results: This review focused on modern taxonomy, active metabolites, and modern drug design techniques that could accelerate conventional drug design and discovery of Cordyceps s. l. Successful application of computer-aided drug design methods in Cordyceps research has been discussed. Conclusion: It has been concluded that computer-aided drug design techniques could influence the multiple target-focused drug design, because each metabolite of Cordyceps has shown significant activities for the various diseases with very few or no side effects.

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A Comprehensive Review on Importance and Quantitation of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and their Active Metabolites in Commercial Dosage Forms

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.2174/1573412915666190328214323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 989-1019

Author(s):

Habibur Rahman ◽

S.K. Manirul Haque ◽

Masoom Raza Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Antipsychotic Drugs ◽

Method Development ◽

Early Death ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Active Metabolites ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects more than twenty-one million people throughout the world. Schizophrenia also causes early death. Schizophrenia and other related psychotic ailments are controlled by the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking certain chemical receptors in the brain and thus relieves the symptoms of psychotic disorder. These drugs are present in the different dosage forms in the market and provided in a certain amount as per the need of the patients. Objective: Since such medications treat mental disorders, it is very important to have a perfect and accurate dose so that the risk factor is not affected by a higher or lower dose, which is not sufficient for the treatment. For accurate assay of these kinds of drugs, different analytical methods were developed ranging from older spectrophotometric techniques to latest hyphenated methods. Results: The current review highlights the role of different analytical techniques that were employed in the determination and identification of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. Techniques such as spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry employed in the method development of such antipsychotic drugs were reported in the review. Different metabolites, identified using the hyphenated techniques, were also mentioned in the review. The synthesis pathways of few of the metabolites were mentioned. Conclusion: The review summarizes the analyses of different antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. A brief introduction of illnesses and their symptoms and possible medications were highlighted. Synthesis pathways of the associated metabolites were also mentioned.

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Spices with Breast Cancer Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Potentials: A Functional Foods Based-Review

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520617666170912121422 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 182-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aliyu Muhammad ◽

Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim ◽

Ochuko Lucky Erukainure ◽

Ibrahim Malami ◽

Auwal Adamu

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cancer Chemoprevention ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Active Metabolites ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Anticancer Properties ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Breast Cancer Chemoprevention ◽

Biologically Active Metabolites

Background: Cancer is a multifaceted metabolic disease that affects sizeable dwellers of rural and urban areas. Among the various types of cancer, mammary cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women. Its menace can be curbed with locally consumed spices due to their multiple bioactive phytochemicals. Aims: This review focuses on the breast cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials of locally consumed spices. Methods/Results: The most commonly consumed spices with breast cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic phytochemical include pepper, onions, ginger, garlic, curry and thyme containing many biologically active metabolites ranging from vitamins, fatty acids esters, polyphenols/phenolics, sulfurcontaining compounds and anthraquinones with proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, antitumor and anticancer properties against breast cancer/carcinogenesis. Therefore, extracts and active principles of these spices could be explored in breast cancer chemoprevention and possibly therapeutically which may provide an avenue for reducing the risk and prevalence of breast cancer.

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Ketamine—50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms

Pharmacological Reports ◽

10.1007/s43440-021-00232-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 323-345

Author(s):

Samuel Kohtala

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Stress ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Active Metabolites ◽

The Past ◽

Antidepressant Effects ◽

Post Traumatic ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Different Doses

AbstractOver the past 50 years, ketamine has solidified its position in both human and veterinary medicine as an important anesthetic with many uses. More recently, ketamine has been studied and used for several new indications, ranging from chronic pain to drug addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder. The discovery of the rapid-acting antidepressant effects of ketamine has resulted in a surge of interest towards understanding the precise mechanisms driving its effects. Indeed, ketamine may have had the largest impact for advancements in the research and treatment of psychiatric disorders in the past few decades. While intense research efforts have been aimed towards uncovering the molecular targets underlying ketamine’s effects in treating depression, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain elusive. These efforts are made more difficult by ketamine’s complex dose-dependent effects on molecular mechanisms, multiple pharmacologically active metabolites, and a mechanism of action associated with the facilitation of synaptic plasticity. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the different uses of ketamine, with an emphasis on examining ketamine’s rapid antidepressant effects spanning molecular, cellular, and network levels. Another focus of the review is to offer a perspective on studies related to the different doses of ketamine used in antidepressant research. Finally, the review discusses some of the latest hypotheses concerning ketamine’s action.

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