Sulla trasformazione industrials degli agrumi (About the Industrial Transformation of Citrus Fruits) by Angelo Di Giacomo. Monograph No. 4 in a Series concerning Citrus Fruit By-products. No of pages: 128. Stazione Sperimentale per 1′Industria delle Essenze e dei Derivati Agrumari, Reggio di Calabria, Italy. 1987 (Available from the above address.)

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
Giovanni Fenaroli
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Application of a roller conveyor type plasma disinfection device with fungus-contaminated citrus fruits

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akikazu Sakudo ◽  
Yoshihito Yagyu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Viable Cell Number ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Decimal Reduction Time ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Plasma Device ◽  
Time Required

AbstractEfficient methods to achieve the safe decontamination of agricultural products are needed. Here, we investigated the decontamination of citrus fruits to test the antifungal potential of a novel non-thermal gas plasma apparatus, termed a roller conveyer plasma instrument. This instrument generates an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (APDBP) plasma on a set of rollers. Penicillium venetum was spotted onto the surface of the fruit or pericarps, as well as an aluminium plate to act as a control, before performing the plasma treatment. The results showed that viable cell number of P. venetum decreased with a decimal reduction time (D value or estimated treatment time required to reduce viable cell number by 90%) of 0.967 min on the aluminium plate, 2.90 min and 1.88 min on the pericarps of ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) and ‘Kawano-natsudaidai’ (C. natsudaidai) respectively, and 2.42 min on the surface of ‘Unshu-mikan’ (C. unshiu). These findings confirmed a fungicidal effect of the plasma not only on an abiotic surface (aluminium plate) but also on a biotic surface (citrus fruit). Further development of the instrument by combining sorting systems with the plasma device promises an efficient means of disinfecting citrus fruits during food processing.

scholarly journals CITRUS FRUIT QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Ulzii-Orshikh Dorj ◽  
Uranbaigal Dejidbal ◽  
Hongseok Chae ◽  
Lkhagvadorj Batsambuu ◽  
Altanchimeg Badarch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Quality Classification ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Vision Algorithm ◽  
Tree Fruits ◽  
Actual Size

A new computer vision algorithm for citrus fruit quality classification based on the size of a single tree fruits was developed in this study. The image properties of area, perimeter, and diameter for the citrus fruits were measured by pixels. In order to estimate citrus fruit size in a realistic manner, the ratios of diameter, perimeter and area in pixel values in relation to the actual size of one fruit were determined. The total of 1860 citrus fruits were grouped based on diameter, perimeter, and area in pixels. The results of the grouping of citrus fruits by diameter, perimeter and area were compared with the results of the survey research into citrus fruit size as conducted by the Jeju Citrus Commission. Comparative results reveal that the image of the citrus fruit diameter in pixels demonstrate a more accurate size than the other two pixel values, i.e. perimeter and area.

scholarly journals Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Functions of Citrus Fruit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bellavite ◽  
Alberto Donzelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Early Proteins ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
The Many

Among the many approaches to COVID-19 prevention, the possible role of diet has so far been somewhat marginal. Nutrition is very rich in substances with a potential beneficial effect on health and some of these could have an antiviral action or in any case be important in modulating the immune system and in defending cells from the oxidative stress associated with infection. This short review draws the attention on some components of Citrus fruits and especially of the orange (Citrus sinensis), well known for its vitamin content, but less for the function of its flavonoids. Among the latter, hesperidin has recently attracted the attention of researchers, because it binds to the key proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Several computational methods, independently applied by different researchers, showed that hesperidin has a low binding energy both with the coronavirus "spike" protein, and with the main protease that transforms the early proteins of the virus (pp1a and ppa1b) into the complex responsible for viral replication. The affinity of hesperidin for these proteins is comparable if not superior to that of common chemical antivirals. The preventive efficacy of vitamin C, at dosage attainable by diet, against viral infections is controversial, but recent reviews suggest that this substance may be useful in case of increased stress on the immune system. Finally, the reasons that suggest undertaking appropriate research on the Citrus fruits addition in the diet, as a complementary prevention and treatment of COVID-19, are discussed.

CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CITRUS PEELS BY-PRODUCTS USING CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND OPTIC METHODS

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Cristina Mihali ◽  
◽  
Thomas Dippong ◽  
Anca Dumuţa ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Region ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Complex Composition ◽  
Citrus Peels ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Extracting Agents

Citrus fruits such as orange, grapefruit, lemon and other citrus fruit are widely cultivated and processed generating large amounts of by-products. Citrus peels contain various compounds of economic importance such as volatile oils, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids etc. It is essential to valorize the wastes of citrus processing. In this purpose, peels of orange, grapefruit and lemon, fresh and dried were subjected to extraction using trichloromethane and dichloromethane as extracting agents and analyzed by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates. Visualization at 366 nm and 254 nm showed a complex composition of extracts that contain terpenes, oxygen heterocyclic substances derivatives of coumarin and carotenoids. The UV-VIS spectra of the extracts were recorded showing absorption in UV and Visible region.

Citrus bergamia, Risso: the peel, the juice and the seed oil of the bergamot fruit of Reggio Calabria (South Italy).

2020 ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Giuffrè Angelo Maria ◽  
Nobile Riccardo
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
South Italy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Similar Quantity ◽  
Citrus Bergamia

Bergamot is a characteristic citrus fruit of the province of Reggio Calabria (South Italy) and until today it was mainly known for the production of its peel essential oil. Since some year, due to the positive feedback from consumers, there has been a growing interest in the bergamot juice which in the past was not used as a beverage because it was considered very sour. The recent studies on the functional aspects of citrus fruits and therefore also on bergamot have made this fruit known to a new youth. They exist three cultivars: Castagnaro, Fantastico and Femminello. In this study the biometrics of the fruits and the physico-chemical characteristics of the juice have been taken into consideration, such as: Brix degrees, pH, pulp content in the squeezed juice, turbidity, acidity, vitamin C, Formol number, single and total flavonoids. Total flavonoids in the bergamot juice ranged between 362 and 520 mg/L whereas in the Cloudy juice they ranged between 4660 and 8468 mg/L. The composition in fatty acids and in sterols of the seed oil of this fruit was also analysed to evaluate its potential. Oleic acid (30.15-34.36%) and linoleic acid (27.01-29.84%) were found in similar quantity, while the most present sterol was β-sitosterol (76.9-79.2%).

scholarly journals Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Function of Citrus Fruits

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Paolo Bellavite ◽  
Alberto Donzelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Binding Energy ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Antiviral Action ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
The Many

Among the many approaches to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention, the possible role of nutrition has so far been rather underestimated. Foods are very rich in substances, with a potential beneficial effect on health, and some of these could have an antiviral action or be important in modulating the immune system and in defending cells from the oxidative stress associated with infection. This short review draws the attention on some components of citrus fruits, and especially of the orange (Citrus sinensis), well known for its vitamin and flavonoid content. Among the flavonoids, hesperidin has recently attracted the attention of researchers, because it binds to the key proteins of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several computational methods, independently applied by different researchers, showed that hesperidin has a low binding energy, both with the coronavirus “spike” protein, and with the main protease that transforms the early proteins of the virus (pp1a and ppa1b) into the complex responsible for viral replication. The binding energy of hesperidin to these important components is lower than that of lopinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir, suggesting that it could perform an effective antiviral action. Furthermore, both hesperidin and ascorbic acid counteract the cell damaging effects of the oxygen free radicals triggered by virus infection and inflammation. There is discussion about the preventive efficacy of vitamin C, at the dose achievable by the diet, but recent reviews suggest that this substance can be useful in the case of strong immune system burden caused by viral disease. Computational methods and laboratory studies support the need to undertake apposite preclinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies on the potential benefits of citrus fruit components for the prevention of infectious diseases, including COVID-19.

scholarly journals Quantification of Morpholine in Peel and Pulp of Apples and Oranges by Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 746
Author(s):  
Kunho An ◽  
Inhwan Kim ◽  
Chan Lee ◽  
Joon-Kwan Moon ◽  
Hee-Jae Suh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Method Detection Limit ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Morpholine salts of fatty acids have been used in wax coatings on the surfaces of fruit and vegetable commodities in China and the United States, etc. However, morpholine usage was prohibited in many other countries because of safety concerns. We optimized analytical methods to determine morpholine in the peel and pulp of fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This morpholine analysis method was applied to real samples of apples, citrus fruits, and vegetables from Korea, China, and the U.S. The method was validated using apple and citrus fruit peels and pulp. The method detection limit (MDL) was 1.3–3.3 µg/kg. The recovery rates of morpholine were 88.6–107.2% over a fortified level of 10–400 µg/kg. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were 1.4–9.4% and 1.5–2.8%, respectively. The morpholine concentrations were n.d. (not detected)–11.19 and n.d. (not detected)–12.82 µg/kg in apple and citrus peels, respectively. Morpholine was not detected in citrus or apple pulp samples or in vegetable samples.

Cleanup and Screening of Citrus Extracts for Residues of Benzo(a)pyrene and Two Other Polynuclear Hydrocarbons

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-701
Author(s):  
C C Craft ◽  
Shirley Norman
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Paired Samples

Abstract A method has been developed for the cleanup and screening of extracts from citrus fruit for residues of benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and dibenz(a,h) anthracene. Whole fruits were stripped with pentane, the pentane solution was partitioned with dimethyl sulfoxide, the extract was adsorbed on a magnesia column, and the residue from the eluate was chromatographed on thin layer plates beside spots of standard polynuclear hydrocarbons. The addition of 4.1 μg of either benzo(a)-pyrene or 3-methylcholanthrene to the surface of individual fruits was detected, after cleanup, in extracts stripped from samples of 10–15 oranges or 15–20 lemons. Dibenz-(a,h) anthracene added at levels of 0.1 fig per fruit was detected in only occasional samples. With this procedure, no residues of benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, or dibenz(a,h) anthracene were detected in more than 40 paired samples of nonwaxed and commercially waxed citrus fruits. With the proposed cleanup procedures, recoveries of the polynuclear hydrocarbons ranged from 50 to 80% as determined by ultraviolet spectral analysis.

scholarly journals Beneficial Regulatory Effects of Polymethoxyflavone—Rich Fraction from Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) Fruit on Gut Microbiota and Identification of Its Intestinal Metabolites in Mice

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 831
Author(s):  
Jiebiao Chen ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Tailin Zhu ◽  
Sijia Yang ◽  
Jinping Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
16S Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Main Components

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are special flavonoids in citrus fruits that have been suggested to be beneficial to human health. However, whether PMFs in citrus fruit alter human gut microbiota is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PMF-rich fraction from Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) on gut microbiota and evaluate the intestinal metabolic profile of PMFs in Institute of Cancer Research mice. The main components of the PMF-rich fraction were nobiletin, tangeretin, and 5-demethylnobiletin. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The results showed that after oral administration, the composition of mice gut microbiota was significantly altered. The relative abundance of two probiotics, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, were found to increase significantly. A total of 21 metabolites of PMFs were detected in mice intestinal content by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and they were generated through demethylation, demethoxylation, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Our results provided evidence that PMFs have potential beneficial regulatory effects on gut microbiota that in turn metabolize PMFs, which warrants further investigation in human clinical trials.

scholarly journals Integrative Analysis of Terpenoid Profiles and Hormones from Fruits of Red-Flesh Citrus Mutants and Their Wild Types

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3456
Author(s):  
Cuihua Liu ◽  
Min He ◽  
Zhuang Wang ◽  
Juan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Isopentenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Terpenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Flux Balance ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Volatile Profiles ◽  
Low Levels

In citrus color mutants, the levels of carotenoid constituents and other secondary metabolites are different in their corresponding wild types. Terpenoids are closely related to coloration, bitterness, and flavor. In this study, terpenoid profiles and hormones in citrus fruits of two red-flesh mutants—Red Anliu orange and Red-flesh Guanxi pummelo—and their corresponding wild types were investigated using GC/MS, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS. Results showed that Red Anliu orange (high in carotenoids) and Anliu orange (low in carotenoids) accumulated low levels of limonoid aglycones but high levels of monoterpenoids; conversely, Red-flesh Guanxi pummelo (high in carotenoids) and Guanxi pummelo (deficient in carotenoids) accumulated high levels of limonoid aglycones but low levels of monoterpenoids. However, isopentenyl diphosphate was present at similar levels. A correlation analysis indicated that jasmonic and salicylic acids might play important roles in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis. Additionally, the similarities of carotenoid and volatile profiles between each mutant and its corresponding wild type were greater than those between the two mutants or the two wild types. The flux balance of terpenoid metabolism in citrus fruit tends toward stability among various citrus genera that have different terpenoid profiles. Bud mutations could influence metabolite profiles of citrus fruit to a limited extent.

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