Citrus bergamia, Risso: the peel, the juice and the seed oil of the bergamot fruit of Reggio Calabria (South Italy).

2020 ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Giuffrè Angelo Maria ◽  
Nobile Riccardo
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
South Italy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Similar Quantity ◽  
Citrus Bergamia

Bergamot is a characteristic citrus fruit of the province of Reggio Calabria (South Italy) and until today it was mainly known for the production of its peel essential oil. Since some year, due to the positive feedback from consumers, there has been a growing interest in the bergamot juice which in the past was not used as a beverage because it was considered very sour. The recent studies on the functional aspects of citrus fruits and therefore also on bergamot have made this fruit known to a new youth. They exist three cultivars: Castagnaro, Fantastico and Femminello. In this study the biometrics of the fruits and the physico-chemical characteristics of the juice have been taken into consideration, such as: Brix degrees, pH, pulp content in the squeezed juice, turbidity, acidity, vitamin C, Formol number, single and total flavonoids. Total flavonoids in the bergamot juice ranged between 362 and 520 mg/L whereas in the Cloudy juice they ranged between 4660 and 8468 mg/L. The composition in fatty acids and in sterols of the seed oil of this fruit was also analysed to evaluate its potential. Oleic acid (30.15-34.36%) and linoleic acid (27.01-29.84%) were found in similar quantity, while the most present sterol was β-sitosterol (76.9-79.2%).

scholarly journals Bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso): The Effects of Cultivar and Harvest Date on Functional Properties of Juice and Cloudy Juice

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Giuffrè
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fruit Processing ◽  
Citrus Bergamia

Reggio Calabria province (South Italy) is known for being almost the only area of cultivation of the bergamot fruit, grown principally for its essential oil, but today much studied for the health benefits of its juice. The biometrics and physico-chemical properties of the three (Citrus bergamia Risso) existing genotypes namely Castagnaro, Fantastico and Femminello were studied during fruit ripening from October to March. Castagnaro cultivar had the biggest and heaviest fruit during this harvest period. °Brix (7.9–10.0), pH (2.2–2.8) and formol number (1.47–2.37 mL NaOH 0.1 N/100 mL) were shown to be influenced by both the genotype and harvest date. Titratable acidity (34.98–59.50 g/L) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (341–867 g/L) decreased during fruit ripening. The evolution of flavonoids such as neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin, brutieridin and melitidin was studied both in bergamot juice and in the bergamot cloudy juice which is the aqueous extract of bergamot during fruit processing. Bergamot cloudy juice contained a higher quantity of flavonoids compared to the juice. This study gives important information regarding the cultivar and the harvest date for producers who want to obtain the highest juice quantity or the highest juice quality from the bergamot fruit.

scholarly journals Bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso): The Effects of Cultivar and Harvest Date on Functional Properties of Juice and Cloudy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Maria Giuffrè
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fruit Processing ◽  
Citrus Bergamia

Reggio Calabria province (South Italy) is known for being almost the only area of cultivation of the bergamot fruit, grown principally for its essential oil, but today much studied for the health benefits of its juice. The biometrics and physico-chemical properties of the three (Citrus bergamia Risso) existing genotypes namely Castagnaro, Fantastico and Femminello were studied during fruit ripening from October to March. Castagnaro cv had the biggest and heaviest fruit during this harvest period. °Brix (7.9-10.0), pH (2.2-2.8) and Formol number (1.47-2.37 mL NaOH 0.1N/100mL) were shown to be influenced by both the genotype and by the harvest date. Titratable acidity (34.98-59.50 g/L) and Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) (341-867 g/L) decreased during fruit ripening. The evolution of flavonoids such as neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin brutieridin and melitidin was studied both in bergamot juice and in the bergamot cloudy which is the aqueous extract of bergamot during fruit processing. Bergamot cloudy contained a higher quantity of flavonoids compared to the juice. This study gives important information regarding the cultivar and the harvest date for producers who want to obtain the highest juice quantity or the highest juice quality from the bergamot fruit.

scholarly journals Citrus species: Modern functional food and nutraceutical-based product ingredient

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-107
Author(s):  
Mariarosaria Leporini ◽  
Rosa Tundis ◽  
Vincenzo Sicari ◽  
Monica Rosa Loizzo
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Citrus Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Bioactive Phytochemicals ◽  
Food Matrices

Citrus is the most cultivated fruit crop in the world and occupies a place of considerable importance in the country’s economy. Almost 33% of the citrus fruits are processed for juice production; however, a great amount of wastes, including peels, segment membranes, and seeds are also produced. Indeed, citrus fruits consist of 45% juice, 26% pulp, 27% peels, and 2% seeds. Pruning, a cultural practice involving the removal of tree branches and limbs, was applied to improve fruit’s quality. A large amount of leaves are produced through pruning. These agri-food matrices contain a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals compared to fruits. The present review covers the past 5 years of research carried out in chemistry, health properties, and applications in food and nutraceutical industries of all portions of citrus fruit and its major bioactive compounds. Additionally, patents are also included.

Progress and Prospects in Translating Nanobiotechnology in Medical Theranostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Batool ◽  
Farid Menaa ◽  
Bushra Uzair ◽  
Barkat Ali Khan ◽  
Bouzid Menaa
Keyword(s):  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Functionalized Nanomaterials ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
And Performance

: The pace at which nanotheranostic technology for human disease is evolving has accelerated exponentially over the past five years. Nanotechnology is committed to utilizing the intrinsic properties of materials and structures at submicroscopic-scale measures. Indeed, there is generally a profound influence of reducing physical dimensions of particulates and devices on their physico-chemical characteristics, biological properties, and performance. The exploration of nature’s components to work effectively as nanoscaffolds or nanodevices represents a tremendous and growing interest in medicine for various applications (e.g., biosensing, tunable control and targeted drug release, tissue engineering). Several nanotheranostic approaches (i.e., diagnostic plus therapeutic using nanoscale) conferring unique features are constantly progressing and overcoming all the limitations of conventional medicines including specificity, efficacy, solubility, sensitivity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, stability, interactions at subcellular levels. : This review introduces two major aspects of nanotechnology as an innovative and challenging theranostic strategy or solution: (i) the most intriguing (bare and functionalized) nanomaterials with their respective advantages and drawbacks; (ii) the current and promising multifunctional “smart” nanodevices.

scholarly journals Application of a roller conveyor type plasma disinfection device with fungus-contaminated citrus fruits

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akikazu Sakudo ◽  
Yoshihito Yagyu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Viable Cell Number ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Decimal Reduction Time ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Plasma Device ◽  
Time Required

AbstractEfficient methods to achieve the safe decontamination of agricultural products are needed. Here, we investigated the decontamination of citrus fruits to test the antifungal potential of a novel non-thermal gas plasma apparatus, termed a roller conveyer plasma instrument. This instrument generates an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (APDBP) plasma on a set of rollers. Penicillium venetum was spotted onto the surface of the fruit or pericarps, as well as an aluminium plate to act as a control, before performing the plasma treatment. The results showed that viable cell number of P. venetum decreased with a decimal reduction time (D value or estimated treatment time required to reduce viable cell number by 90%) of 0.967 min on the aluminium plate, 2.90 min and 1.88 min on the pericarps of ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) and ‘Kawano-natsudaidai’ (C. natsudaidai) respectively, and 2.42 min on the surface of ‘Unshu-mikan’ (C. unshiu). These findings confirmed a fungicidal effect of the plasma not only on an abiotic surface (aluminium plate) but also on a biotic surface (citrus fruit). Further development of the instrument by combining sorting systems with the plasma device promises an efficient means of disinfecting citrus fruits during food processing.

scholarly journals CITRUS FRUIT QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Ulzii-Orshikh Dorj ◽  
Uranbaigal Dejidbal ◽  
Hongseok Chae ◽  
Lkhagvadorj Batsambuu ◽  
Altanchimeg Badarch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Quality Classification ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Vision Algorithm ◽  
Tree Fruits ◽  
Actual Size

A new computer vision algorithm for citrus fruit quality classification based on the size of a single tree fruits was developed in this study. The image properties of area, perimeter, and diameter for the citrus fruits were measured by pixels. In order to estimate citrus fruit size in a realistic manner, the ratios of diameter, perimeter and area in pixel values in relation to the actual size of one fruit were determined. The total of 1860 citrus fruits were grouped based on diameter, perimeter, and area in pixels. The results of the grouping of citrus fruits by diameter, perimeter and area were compared with the results of the survey research into citrus fruit size as conducted by the Jeju Citrus Commission. Comparative results reveal that the image of the citrus fruit diameter in pixels demonstrate a more accurate size than the other two pixel values, i.e. perimeter and area.

scholarly journals Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Functions of Citrus Fruit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bellavite ◽  
Alberto Donzelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Early Proteins ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
The Many

Among the many approaches to COVID-19 prevention, the possible role of diet has so far been somewhat marginal. Nutrition is very rich in substances with a potential beneficial effect on health and some of these could have an antiviral action or in any case be important in modulating the immune system and in defending cells from the oxidative stress associated with infection. This short review draws the attention on some components of Citrus fruits and especially of the orange (Citrus sinensis), well known for its vitamin content, but less for the function of its flavonoids. Among the latter, hesperidin has recently attracted the attention of researchers, because it binds to the key proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Several computational methods, independently applied by different researchers, showed that hesperidin has a low binding energy both with the coronavirus "spike" protein, and with the main protease that transforms the early proteins of the virus (pp1a and ppa1b) into the complex responsible for viral replication. The affinity of hesperidin for these proteins is comparable if not superior to that of common chemical antivirals. The preventive efficacy of vitamin C, at dosage attainable by diet, against viral infections is controversial, but recent reviews suggest that this substance may be useful in case of increased stress on the immune system. Finally, the reasons that suggest undertaking appropriate research on the Citrus fruits addition in the diet, as a complementary prevention and treatment of COVID-19, are discussed.

scholarly journals Monitoring and risk assessment for groundwater sources in rural communities of Romania (GROUNDWATERISK)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Teodora Moldovan ◽  
Rannveig Øvrevik Skoglund ◽  
Horia Leonard Banciu ◽  
Alexandra Dinu Cucoș ◽  
Erika Andrea Levei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Groundwater Ecosystems ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Agricultural Areas

In the past 100 years, a decreasing rainfall trend has been recorded on Romanian territory, a trend that continues today. Therefore, realistic estimation of the groundwater resources is crucial, especially for the rural communities lacking the economic power to use alternative sources of drinking water. The groundwater sources used by rural communities in Romania generally originate directly from caves, wells or springs with no proper evaluation of the water quality. Groundwater is exposed to different pollutants, as bats' guano in caves, fertilizers in agricultural areas or livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) farms on the surface. On the other hand, the water extracted directly from inside the caves is affecting groundwater ecosystems, highly vulnerable to any human impact and neglected by European legislation so far. The project aims to monitor, during two consecutive years, groundwater sources with different degrees of above- and underground pollution, from different regions of Romania. To achieve the goals of the project, a multidisciplinary monitoring strategy that will include measurements of hydrological, physico-chemical and biological (microbiology and aquatic invertebrates’ assessment) parameters alongside the quantification of radon and stable isotopes, rainfall or possible inflows of water. The specific outcomes of this project are: i) to test, develop and validate a new, more rapid and efficient method for monitoring and risk assessment of groundwater sources – and not only – by using molecular techniques, and propose this method to the water agencies in Romania; ii) to propose for Romanian authorities to implement a harmonized coherent methodology to measure radon concentration in water, as a consequence of EURATOM Directive; and iii) to educate local communities that are using groundwater as source for drinking water and raise young people’s awareness on the benefits of ecosystem services provided by the groundwater.

GHOST CELLS UNDER MICROSCOPE: A PERPLEXED HYPOTHESIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-78
Author(s):  
Reema Raina ◽  
Nikita Gulati ◽  
Saurabh Juneja ◽  
Devi Charan Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Ghost Cell ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ghost Cells ◽  
Functional Aspects

Cellular identities in the past have been based on the structural and functional aspects. Proper delineation of cellular structure occasionally could be ambiguous because of their varied existence either structurally similar or functionally dissimilar or vice versa. “Ghost cells”- is an area which is entailed by controversies allocated to their functionality and appearance. In odontogenic lesions they are considered as the enlarged epithelial cells with central space consequential to lost nucleus. Many authors have documented on the histogenesis and formation of ghost cells yet nothing relevant till date. This article is an attempt to concise the literature in precise manner to elaborate the ghost cell origin in histopathologic arena.

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