Floral phenology and morphology of black cottonwood, P opulus trichocarpa (S alicaceae )

1994 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 562-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa K. Boes ◽  
Steven H. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Floral Phenology

scholarly journals A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie D Lackus ◽  
Axel Schmidt ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
Tobias G Köllner
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Oxidative Pathway

AbstractBenzenoids (C6–C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6–C3). The biosynthesis of C6–C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.

scholarly journals Using Discrete-Point LiDAR to Classify Tree Species in the Riparian Pacific Northwest, USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2647
Author(s):  
Julia Tatum ◽  
David Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Riparian Landscape ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Species Mapping

Practical methods for tree species identification are important for both land management and scientific inquiry. LiDAR has been widely used for species mapping due to its ability to characterize 3D structure, but in structurally complex Pacific Northwest forests, additional research is needed. To address this need and to determine the feasibility of species modeling in such forests, we compared six approaches using five algorithms available in R’s lidR package and Trimble’s eCognition software to determine which approach most consistently identified individual trees across a heterogenous riparian landscape. We then classified segments into Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa), and red alder (Alnus rubra). Classification accuracies based on the best-performing segmentation method were 91%, 92%, and 84%, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate tree species modeling from LiDAR in a natural Pacific Northwest forest, and the first to model Pacific Northwest species at the landscape scale. Our results suggest that LiDAR alone may provide enough information on tree species to be useful to land managers in limited applications, even under structurally challenging conditions. With slight changes to the modeling approach, even higher accuracies may be possible.

Floral Phenology of Sex-Changing Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolium L., Araliaceae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Schlessman ◽  
Nora C. Underwood ◽  
Laura M. Graceffa
Keyword(s):  
Floral Phenology

Organ culture with black cottonwood: morphogenetic response of female catkin primordia

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1627-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Bawa ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Catkin

Female catkin primordia of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa T. & G. ex Hook.) were cultured for 70 days on a modified Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium in vitro. Explants 2–3 mm long, and with bud scales removed, gave the best results, many of them developing floral structures characteristic of the female sex. There was a general tendency to callus formation with increasing age of the culture, occasionally followed by a reversal to vegetative growth. Catkin primordia raised on Wolter's medium without auxin or kinetin, but with 6-benzylaminopurine, and at 250 ft-c for a 16-h photoperiod, proliferated axillary shoots in loco of pistils.

Ecotypic mode of regional differentiation caused by restricted gene migration: a case in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) along the Pacific Northwest coast

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yi Xie ◽  
Cheng C. Ying ◽  
Alvin D. Yanchuk ◽  
Diane L. Holowachuk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Gene Migration ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Leaf Flushing

Genetic differentiation of black cottonwood ( Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook) Brayshaw) across a “no-cottonwood” belt on the coast of central British Columbia (BC), Canada, was examined using data on 3 year height, severity of infection by Valsa sordida Nitschke and Melampsora occidentalis H. Jacks., and abnormality of leaf flushing. The data were collected in a common-garden test consisting of 180 provenances of 36 drainages ranging from northern BC to Oregon, USA. The results demonstrated an ecotypic mode, north–south regional differentiation. Valsa sordida and M. occidentalis infected 41% and 89%, respectively, of the trees from the northern region, while 66% showed flushing abnormality. In contrast, only 1% and 27% of their southern counterparts were infected by the same diseases, and 1% had abnormal flushing. Trees from the northern region averaged 87% shorter than those from the south. Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing. Regression analysis revealed geographic patterns that essentially reflected regional differentiation along the no-cottonwood belt. The species’ distribution biography, ecological characteristics, and life history suggest that restricted gene migration was the main factor responsible for the observed geographic patterns of genetic differentiation.

scholarly journals Preemergence Control of Black Cottonwood in Nursery Containers

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
James E. Altland
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Cottonwood Trees ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate preemergence herbicides for control of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) in nursery containers. In 2006, granular preemergence herbicides were applied to recently filled, weed-free containers in May just prior to seed release from mature cottonwood trees. Flumioxazin provided the most effective cottonwood control, although control with isoxaben + trifluralin, oxyfluorfen + oryzalin, and pendimethalin was also effective. In 2007, containers were filled February 15, and herbicides were applied to separate groups of containers on February 22, March 14, April 16, and May 15. Containers were over-seeded with cottonwood for a 2-week period starting on May 16. Control with most herbicides improved as the date of application neared the date of seeding. Flumioxazin provided the most effective control throughout the experiment, but control from it also improved as the date of application neared the time of seeding.

scholarly journals Phenology of Petersianthus Macrocarpus from 2017 to 2020 and Risk of Pollinosis in Dictrict of Abidjan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Pollen Calendar ◽  
Floral Phenology ◽  
Flowering Periods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Petersianthus macrocarpus is a plant species whose pollens are potentially allergenic. This plant is present from the coast to the centre of the country. The objective of this study is to prevent populations from being exposed to the pollens of Petersianthus macrocarpus. Specifically, it was a question of defining the flowering of Petersianthus macrocarpus, evaluating the impact of the climate on this flowering and listing the populations most exposed to P. macrocarpus pollens. The study took place in Abidjan, in the commune of Yopougon, specifically in South Niangon, from September 2017 to June 2020. Sampling by quadrat allowed to determine the number of individuals, the cover, the density and the frequency of the vegetation. Floral phenology was carried out by weekly observations using binoculars. The coverage in each quadrat was 1 and the frequency 100%. Individuals less than 6 m high did not bear any flowers. Two flowering periods were observed in the years 2017 to 2019. The first was from April to June, the second from November to January. However, there was no flowering from April to June in 2020. The evolution of rainfall in 2020 was not identical to that of the three previous years. The phenology of Petersianthus macrocarpus presents periods of high risk of pollinosis and is influenced by rainfall. Increasing wind speed exposes new populations to pollen. The installation of pollen collectors is certainly necessary to establish the pollen calendar of Petersianthus macrocarpus in Côte d’Ivoire.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and population structure of black cottonwood (Populus deltoides) revealed using simple sequence repeat markers

BMC Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cun Chen ◽  
Yanguang Chu ◽  
Changjun Ding ◽  
Xiaohua Su ◽  
Qinjun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Simple Sequence

Abstract Background Black cottonwood (Populus deltoides) is one of the keystone forest tree species, and has become the main breeding parents in poplar hybrid breeding. However, the genetic diversity and population structure of the introduced resources are not fully understood. Results In the present study, five loci containing null alleles were excluded and 15 pairs of SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 384 individuals from six provenances (Missouri, Iowa, Washington, Louisiana, and Tennessee (USA), and Quebec in Canada) of P. deltoides. Ultimately, 108 alleles (Na) were detected; the expected heterozygosity (He) per locus ranged from 0.070 to 0.905, and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.535. The provenance ‘Was’ had a relatively low genetic diversity, while ‘Que’, ‘Lou’, and ‘Ten’ provenances had high genetic diversity, with Shannon’s information index (I) above 1.0. The mean coefficient of genetic differentiation (Fst) and gene flow (Nm) were 0.129 and 1.931, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 84.88% of the genetic variation originated from individuals. Based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and STRUCTURE cluster analysis, individuals distributed in the Mississippi River Basin were roughly classified as one group, while those distributed in the St. Lawrence River Basin and Columbia River Basin were classified as another group. The cluster analysis based on the population level showed that provenance ‘Iow’ had a small gene flow and high degree of genetic differentiation compared with the other provenances, and was classified into one group. There was a significant relationship between genetic distance and geographical distance. Conclusions P. deltoides resources have high genetic diversity and there is a moderate level of genetic differentiation among provenances. Geographical isolation and natural conditions may be the main factors causing genetic differences among individuals. Individuals reflecting population genetic information can be selected to build a core germplasm bank. Meanwhile, the results could provide theoretical support for the scientific management and efficient utilization of P. deltoides genetic resources, and promote the development of molecular marker-assisted breeding of poplar.

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