Childhood growth, physical activity, and peak bone mass in women

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus Cooper ◽  
Michael Cawley ◽  
Ashok Bhalla ◽  
Peter Egger ◽  
Francis Ring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Childhood Growth

Nutrition, Exercise, and Bone Status in Youth

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan I. Barr ◽  
Heather A. McKay
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Bone Status ◽  
The Impact

The maximal amount of bone mass gained during growth (peak bone mass) is an important determinant of bone mass in later life and thereby an important determinant of fraeiure risk. Although genetic factors appear lo be primary determinants of peak bone mass, environmental factors such as physical activity and nutrition also contribute. In this article, bone growth and maintenance are reviewed, and mechanisms are described whereby physical activity can affect bone mass. Studies addressing the effects of physical activity on bone status in youth are reviewed: Although conclusive data are not yet available, considerable evidence supports the importance of activity, especially activity initiated before puberty. The critical role of energy in bone growth is outlined, and studies assessing the impact of calcium intake during childhood and adolescence are reviewed. Although results of intervention trials are equivocal, other evidence supports a role for calcium intake during growth. Recommendations for physical activity and nutrition, directed lochildren and adolescents, are presented.

scholarly journals Endocrine Disorders in Adolescent and Young Female Athletes: Impact on Growth, Menstrual Cycles, and Bone Mass Acquisition

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 4037-4050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Maïmoun ◽  
Neoklis A. Georgopoulos ◽  
Charles Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Intense Training

Context: Puberty is a crucial period of dramatic hormonal changes, accelerated growth, attainment of reproductive capacity, and acquisition of peak bone mass. Participation in recreational physical activity is widely acknowledged to provide significant health benefits in this period. Conversely, intense training imposes several constraints, such as training stress and maintenance of very low body fat to maximize performance. Adolescent female athletes are therefore at risk of overtraining and/or poor dietary intake, which may have several consequences for endocrine function. The “adaptive” changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, -adrenal, and somatotropic axes and the secretory role of the adipose tissue are reviewed, as are their effects on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. Design: A systematic search on Medline between 1990 and 2013 was conducted using the following terms: “intense training,” “physical activity,” or “exercise” combined with “hormone,” “endocrine,” and “girls,” “women,” or “elite female athletes.” All articles reporting on the endocrine changes related to intense training and their potential implications for growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition were considered. Results and Conclusion: Young female athletes present a high prevalence of menstrual disorders, including delayed menarche, oligomenorrhea, and amenorrhea, characterized by a high degree of variability according to the type of sport. Exercise-related reproductive dysfunction may have consequences for growth velocity and peak bone mass acquisition. Recent findings highlight the endocrine role of adipose tissue and energy balance in the regulation of homeostasis and reproductive function. A better understanding of the mechanisms whereby intense training affects the endocrine system may orient research to develop innovative strategies (ie, based on nutritional or pharmacological approaches and individualized modalities of training and competition) to improve the medical care of these adolescents and protect their reproductive function.

scholarly journals The Relation between Bone Mineral Density, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Lipoprotein (a), Body Composition, and Muscle Strength in Adolescent Males

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 3025-3029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Thorsen ◽  
Peter Nordström ◽  
Ronny Lorentzon ◽  
Gösta H. Dahlén
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Total Body

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. A low peak bone mass is regarded a risk factor for osteoporosis. Heredity, physical activity, and nutrition are regarded important measures for the observed variance in peak bone mass. Lp(a) lipoprotein is a well-known risk factor for atherosclerosis. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been found to be increased in males with early cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the association between bone mass, body constitution, muscle strength, Lp(a), and IGF-I in 47 Caucasian male adolescents (mean age, 16.9 yr). Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry, muscle strength of thigh using an isokinetic dynamometer, IGF-I by RIA, and Lp(a) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IGF-I was only associated with Lp(a) (r = 0.38, P < 0.01). Lp(a) was related to total body (r= 0.40, P < 0.01), skull (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), and femoral neck BMD (r = 0.44, P < 0.01). Lp(a) was also related to fat mass (r = 0.34, P < 0.05) and muscle strength (r = 0.30–0.42, P < 0.05). After multiple regression and principal component (PC) analysis, the so-called PC body size (weight, fat mass, lean body mass, and muscle strength) was the most significant predictor of BMD (β = 0.28–0.51, P < 0.05–0.01), followed by the so-called PC physical activity (β = 0.28–0.38, P < 0.05–0.01, weight-bearing locations). However, the PC analysis confirmed that Lp(a) was an independent predictor of total body, skull, and femoral neck BMD (β = 0.33–0.36, P < 0.01). The present investigation confirms that BMD, body size, and muscle strength are closely related and that the level of physical activity is a major determinant of BMD. However, the positive relation of Lp(a), a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, to BMD has not previously been described. The importance of this observation has to be further investigated.

Physical activity is the strongest predictor of calcaneal peak bone mass in young Swedish men

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Pettersson ◽  
M. Nilsson ◽  
V. Sundh ◽  
D. Mellström ◽  
M. Lorentzon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Peak Bone Mass

scholarly journals Increased physical activity is associated with enhanced development of peak bone mass in men: A five‐year longitudinal study

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1206-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Nilsson ◽  
Claes Ohlsson ◽  
Anders Odén ◽  
Dan Mellström ◽  
Mattias Lorentzon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Peak Bone Mass

scholarly journals A qualitative study to investigate the barriers to adoption of a lifestyle associated with optimal peak bone mass acquisition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sana Zafar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
University Students ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Limited Knowledge

<p>Background: Osteoporosis is a major public health problem through its association with fragility fracture. Peak bone mass is attained in the second or third decade and has been shown to be a major determinant of later osteoporosis risk. Important determinants of peak bone mass include weight bearing physical activity levels, diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption.  Aim: This study aimed to elucidate knowledge of factors affecting bone health among young people and identify lifestyle barriers to attainment of peak bone mass.  Methods: Participants were recruited through mass mailing of University students and staff aged 18-35 at Victoria University of Wellington. Six semi structured focus group interviews were conducted, where knowledge of factors associated with bone health and attitudes to lifestyles associated with beneficial health behaviors were explored. The interviews were audio taped and transcribed. A thematic approach for data analysis using constant comparative method was performed with Nvivo software.  Results: A total of 28 students (7 males, 21 females, mean age 28 years) were included. Seven themes emerged with regard to knowledge about factors affecting bone health which included physical activity, dairy, menopause, aging, smoking, alcohol and lack of knowledge about osteoporosis. For barriers, broadly eight themes of lifestyle factors emerged that included time, lack of resources, student life, cost, weather, cultural factors, lack of motivation and lastly smoking and alcohol. Students had limited knowledge about bone health in general, prevention of osteoporosis, and the importance of weight bearing physical activity and diet in determining later bone health. Some participants, especially vegans, expressed difficulties with making diet choices adequate in calcium, while others reported time management was a barrier to incorporating physical activity into everyday life. A few voiced a lack of motivation to exercise in bad weather. Some participants reported behaviors detrimental to bone health such as smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, with peer pressure being one factor leading to an increase in such activities, compounded by cultural and social pressures. Many students aspired to a healthier lifestyle but felt that they had limited knowledge about bone health, and specifically what they might need do to improve it.   Conclusions: These data highlights a lack of awareness of factors that impact peak bone mass among University students, an expressed desire to know more, and a keenness to adopt healthier behaviors. School-based education could provide stronger foundations with regards to knowledge of bone health. These observational data might help design interventions that encourage optimal peak bone mass in later life.</p>

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