Dry season circulation‐type classification applied to precipitation and temperature in the Peruvian Andes

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (15) ◽  
pp. 6473-6491
Author(s):  
Martí Bonshoms ◽  
Francisco J. Álvarez‐Garcia ◽  
Jose Ubeda ◽  
William Cabos ◽  
Kelita Quispe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circulation Type ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Type Classification ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

Seasonal variability of evapotranspiration in the central Andes of Peru using eddy covariance techniques and empirical methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephany Magaly Callañaupa Gutierrez ◽  
Hans Segura Cajachagua ◽  
Miguel Saavedra ◽  
Jose Flores ◽  
Joan Cuxart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Sonic Anemometer ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
P Value ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
Relationship Of

<p>In this study, the real evapotranspiration (ET) obtained using the eddy covariance (EC) technique from field crops located in the central Peruvian Andes (Huancayo Observatory, 12.04° S, 75.32°, 3350 msnm) is analyzed. Data from a sonic anemometer and a krypton hygrometer are used to estimate daily and monthly ET variability and to explore relationships with meteorological and surface variables. The results show that the mean value of daily evapotranspiration is estimated to be 3.45 mm/day during the wet season (January to March) while in the dry season (June to August) the value is 0.95 mm/day. In addition, linear regressions were used in order to evaluate the relationship of meteorological variables with evapotranspiration. As a result, solar radiation is the meteorological variable that has a strong relationship with evapotranspiration during the wet season (r2=0.76, p-value <0.005) and soil moisture during the dry season (r2=0.77, p-value <0.005). These results indicate a clear water-energy limitation depending on the season. Besides, the empirical evapotranspiration equations of FAO Penman-Monteith, Priestley-Taylor and Hargreaves were validated. Where the Priestley-Taylor equation is the empirical equation that best fits the observed data of evapotranspiration by EC (r2=0.70, p-value< 0.005).</p>

scholarly journals A new circulation type classification based upon Lagrangian air trajectories

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre M. Ramos ◽  
Michael Sprenger ◽  
Heini Wernli ◽  
Ana M. Durán-Quesada ◽  
Maria N. Lorenzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circulation Type ◽  
Type Classification

scholarly journals Circulation-type classification derived on a climatic basis to study air quality dynamics over the Iberian Peninsula

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 2877-2897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Valverde ◽  
María T. Pay ◽  
José M. Baldasano
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Circulation Type ◽  
Type Classification

The COST733 circulation type classification software: an example for surface ozone concentrations in Central Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 143-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Demuzere ◽  
P. Kassomenos ◽  
A. Philipp
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Circulation Type ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Type Classification

scholarly journals Modified, threshold-based circulation type classification for Central Europe, on the basis of Lityński’s classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Kulesza
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Circulation Type ◽  
Zonal Index ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Meridional Index ◽  
Type Classification

Abstract There are many classifications of atmospheric circulation types. In Poland, the most important one, used by Polish weather services, is the classification of circulation types developed by Lityński. This paper proposes four modifications to the currently used algorithm for determining atmospheric circulation types. The proposed algorithms have been compared and it has been shown which one produces a catalogue of circulation types in which the division of the distribution of the values of the three indices (the zonal index Ws, meridional index Wp and cyclonicity index Cp) into three classes is the closest to being equally likely. In 1986-2015, the classification scheme that deemed to be the best, differed in above 19% of cases from the currently used classification.

scholarly journals Myxomycete diversity in a humid montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-398
Author(s):  
Italo F. Treviño-Zevallos ◽  
Carlos Lado
Keyword(s):  
Species Turnover ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Montane Forests ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

Background – The humid montane forests on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes are known for their high biodiversity and natural resources. While their incredibly rich plant and animal communities are still in the process of being discovered, the diversity of smaller organisms such as the Myxomycetes are even more scarcely known. In this work, we document the Myxomycete diversity in these montane forests and evaluate species abundance, occurrence by substrates, distribution, and seasonality, thus documenting population status and species ecology.Material and methods – The study was carried out at the Wayqecha Biological Station located in the Cusco region of Peru. Two sampling campaigns took place in late January (wet season) and early May (dry season) of 2018. We performed a species inventory and evaluated alpha diversity, assemblage similarity, and abundance of Myxomycetes within six 100 m2 plots. We documented variations of species richness and abundance between seasons as well as between substrates. Results – We recorded a total of 81 taxa of Myxomycetes. The order Physarales was the most diverse, and the most abundant species were Didymium squamulosum and Diderma deplanatum during the wet and dry season, respectively. The substrate with highest diversity overall was dead leaves. Diversity was similar in both seasons but with a notable species turnover. Conclusion – The humid montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru revealed an unexpected richness in Myxomycetes. Based on our results, we conclude that this type of forest harbours one of the greatest Myxomycetes diversities in the Peruvian territory, also due to the important seasonal species turnover.

scholarly journals Attribution of European precipitation and temperature trends to changes in circulation types

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 12799-12831 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Fleig ◽  
L. M. Tallaksen ◽  
P. James ◽  
H. Hisdal ◽  
K. Stahl
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Circulation Type ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
The South ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Circulation Types ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature ◽  
Circulation Changes

Abstract. Surface climate in Europe is changing and patterns in trends have been found to vary at sub-seasonal scales. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of these changes across space and time by analysing to what degree observed climatic trends can be attributed to changes in atmospheric circulation. The relative importance of circulation changes (i.e. trends in circulation type frequencies) as opposed to trends in the hydrothermal properties of circulation types (within-type trends) on precipitation and temperature trends in Europe is assessed on a monthly basis. Gridded precipitation and temperature data originate from the Watch Forcing Dataset and circulation types (CTs) are defined by the objective SynopVis Grosswetterlagen. Relatively high influence of circulation changes are found from January to March, contributing to wetting trends in northern Europe and drying in the South. Simultaneously, in particular dry CTs get warmer first in south-western Europe in November/December and affecting most of Europe in March/April. Strong influence of circulation changes is again found in June and August. In general, circulation influence affects climate trends in north-western Europe stronger than the South-East. The exact locations of the strongest influence of circulation changes vary with time of the year and to some degree between precipitation and temperature. Throughout the year and across the whole of Europe, precipitation and temperature trends are caused by a combination of circulation changes and within-type changes with their relative influence varying between regions, months and climate variables.

scholarly journals Vegetation indices as proxies for spatio-temporal variations in water availability in the Rio Santa valley (Peruvian Andes)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenz Hänchen ◽  
Cornelia Klein ◽  
Fabien Maussion ◽  
Wolfgang Gurgiser ◽  
Pierluigi Calanca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. In the semi-arid Peruvian Andes, the growing season is mostly determined by the timing of the onset and retreat of the wet season, to which annual crop yields are highly sensitive. Recently, local farmers in the Rio Santa basin (RSB) reported decreasing predictability of the onset of the rainy season and further challenges related to changes in rainfall characteristics. Previous studies based on time series of local rain gauges however, did not find any significant changes in either the timing or intensity of the wet season. Both in-situ and satellite rainfall data for the region lack the necessary spatial resolution to capture the highly variable rainfall distribution typical for complex terrain, and are often questionable in terms of quality and temporal consistency. To date, there remains considerable uncertainty in the RSB regarding hydrological changes over the last decades. In this study, we overcome this limitation by exploiting satellite-derived information on vegetation greenness to reveal a robust and highly resolved picture of recent changes in rainfall and vegetation phenology across the region: As the semi-arid climate causes water availability (i.e. precipitation) to be the key limiting factor for plant growth, patterns of precipitation occurrence and the seasonality of vegetation indices (VIs) are tightly coupled. Therefore, VIs can serve as an integrated proxy of rainfall. By combining MODIS Aqua and Terra VIs for 2000–2020 and several datasets of precipitation, we explore recent spatio-temporal changes in vegetation and water availability. Furthermore, we examine their links to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). While different rainfall datasets tend to be incoherent in the period of observation, we find significant greening over the majority of the RSB domain in VI data, particularly pronounced during the dry season (Austral winter). This indicates an overall increase of plant available water over time. The rainy season onset and consequently the start of the growing season (SOS) exhibits high inter-annual variability and dominates the growing season length (LOS). The end of the growing season (EOS) is significantly delayed in the analysis which matches the observed dry-season greening. By partitioning the results into periods of three stages of ENSO (neutral, Niño, Niña), we find an earlier SOS and an overall increased season length in years associated with El Niño. However, the appearance of Niño/Niña events during the analysed period cannot explain the observed greening and delayed EOS. While our study could not corroborate anecdotal evidence for recent changes in the SOS, we confirm that the SOS is highly variable and conclude that rainfed farming in the RSB would profit from future efforts being directed towards improving medium-range forecasts of the rainy season onset.

scholarly journals The hydrological regime of a forested tropical Andean catchment

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 5377-5397 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Clark ◽  
M. A. Torres ◽  
A. J. West ◽  
R. G. Hilton ◽  
M. New ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Catchment Basin ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Run Off

Abstract. The hydrology of tropical mountain catchments plays a central role in ecological function, geochemical and biogeochemical cycles, erosion and sediment production, and water supply in globally important environments. There have been few studies quantifying the seasonal and annual water budgets in the montane tropics, particularly in cloud forests. We investigated the water balance and hydrologic regime of the Kosñipata catchment (basin area: 164.4 km2) over the period 2010–2011. The catchment spans over 2500 m in elevation in the eastern Peruvian Andes and is dominated by tropical montane cloud forest with some high-elevation puna grasslands. Catchment-wide rainfall was 3112 ± 414 mm yr−1, calculated by calibrating Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 rainfall with rainfall data from nine meteorological stations in the catchment. Cloud water input to streamflow was 316 ± 116 mm yr−1 (9.2% of total inputs), calculated from an isotopic mixing model using deuterium excess (Dxs) and δD of waters. Field streamflow was measured in 2010 by recording height and calibrating to discharge. River run-off was estimated to be 2796 ± 126 mm yr−1. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) was 688 ± 138 mm yr−1, determined using the Priestley and Taylor–Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) model. The overall water budget was balanced within 1.6 ± 13.7%. Relationships between monthly rainfall and river run-off follow an anticlockwise hysteresis through the year, with a persistence of high run-off after the end of the wet season. The size of the soil and shallow groundwater reservoir is most likely insufficient to explain sustained dry-season flow. Thus, the observed hysteresis in rainfall–run-off relationships is best explained by sustained groundwater flow in the dry season, which is consistent with the water isotope results that suggest persistent wet-season sources to streamflow throughout the year. These results demonstrate the importance of transient groundwater storage in stabilising the annual hydrograph in this region of the Andes.

scholarly journals The hydrological regime of a forested tropical Andean valley

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 8603-8650 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Clark ◽  
M. A. Torres ◽  
A. J. West ◽  
R. G. Hilton ◽  
M. New ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Runoff ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peruvian Andes

Abstract. The hydrology of tropical mountain catchments plays a central role in ecological function, geochemical and biogeochemical cycles, erosion and sediment production, and water supply in globally important environments. There have been few studies quantifying the seasonal and annual water budgets in the montane tropics, particularly in cloud forests. We investigated the water balance and hydrologic regime of the Kosñipata Valley (basin area 164.4 km2) over the period 2010–2011. The valley spans over 2500 m in elevation in the eastern Peruvian Andes and is dominated by tropical montane cloud forest with some high elevation puna grasslands. Catchment wide rainfall was 3028 ± 414 mm yr−1, calculated by calibrating Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 rainfall with rainfall data from 9 meteorological stations in the valley. Cloud water input to streamflow was 316 ± 116 mm yr−1 (~10% of total inputs), calculated from an isotopic mixing model using deuterium excess (Dxs) and δD of waters. Field stream flow was measured in 2010 by recording height and calibrating to discharge. River runoff was estimated to be 2796 ± 126 mm yr−1. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) was 909 ± 182 mm yr−1, determined using the Priestley and Taylor – Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) model. The overall water budget was balanced within 10%. Relationships between monthly rainfall and river runoff follow an anti-clockwise hysteresis through the year, with a persistence of high runoff after the end of the wet season. The size of the soil- and shallow ground-water reservoir is most likely insufficient to explain sustained dry season flow. Thus, the observed hysteresis in rainfall-runoff relationships is best explained by sustained groundwater flow in the dry season, which is consistent with the water isotope results that suggest persistent wet season sources to stream flow throughout the year. These results demonstrate the importance of transient groundwater storage in stabilizing the annual hydrograph in this region of the Andes.

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