scholarly journals Tomato locule number and fruit size controlled by natural alleles of lc and fas

Plant Direct ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi‐Hsuan Chu ◽  
Jyan‐Chyun Jang ◽  
Zejun Huang ◽  
Esther van der Knaap
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Size Controlled

scholarly journals Low Overnight Temperature-Induced Gibberellin Accumulation Increases Locule Number in Tomato

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3042
Author(s):  
Yanbing Li ◽  
Meihua Sun ◽  
Hengzuo Xiang ◽  
Yudong Liu ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation

The number of locules in tomato affects fruit size, shape, and the incidence of malformation. Low temperature increases locule number and the incidences of malformation in tomato plants. In this study, three flower bud developmental stages (pre-flower bud differentiation, sepal and petal primordium formation, and carpel primordium formation) under different night temperatures (10, 15, and 20 °C) were used to analyze the reason behind locule number change using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approach, Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results showed that the “plant hormone signal transduction”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, and “diterpenoid biosynthesis” categories were remarkably activated during flower bud differentiation. Transcripts of gibberellin (GA)-related genes and endogenous levels of GAs were analyzed, and it was discovered that SlGA2ox genes were significantly downregulated and bioactive GA1 and GA4 accumulated at lower overnight temperature. Exogenous application of bioactive GA1, GA4, and PAC (paclobutrazol) showed that GA1 and GA4 increased the locule number, while PAC decreased the locule number. Taken together, our results suggest that lower overnight temperature reduced the expression of SlGA2ox genes, leading to GA1 and GA4 accumulation, thereby increasing locule number in tomato.

Gibberellic acid induced multilocular fruits in tomato and the role of locule number and seed number in fruit size

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (22) ◽  
pp. 2831-2835 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Sawhney ◽  
D. H. Dabbs
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Locule Number

Young tomato plants were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) at a stage before floral initiation. In the first truss produced after the treatment, the fresh weight and size of the fruit was lower than the controls but was significantly higher in trusses 2 to 4. Also, whereas in controls the fresh weight and size of tomato fruits steadily declined from truss 1 to truss 4, in GA3-treated plants there was a progressive increase in the fresh weight and size of the fruit. The number of locules per fruit of GA3-treated plants was also greater than the controls but not the number of seeds per fruit. Regression analyses show that both the locule number and seed number have a significant correlation with the fresh weight of the fruit and that these relationships are independent of each other.

Wuschel and W40 Expression Analysis Undergoing Different Lc Locus Background in Tomato

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 571-574
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Qing Bo Zhang ◽  
Yan Ling Wang ◽  
Tian Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Stem Apex ◽  
Locule Number

In tomato fruits, the number of locules varies from two to up to 10 or more. lc is relative to fruit size and locule number. As a candidate gene underlying lc, wuschel was mapped to the same region as lc. MLK1 with locule numbers up to 10 and FL1 with locule numbers 2-4, are selected to identify the type of lc loci, the expression of wuschel. MLK1 lc belongs to lc-mutant type and FL1 is lc-wild type. Wuschel is completely same in MLK1 and FL1, but expresses differentially. With the development of flower buds, wuschel expression decreased in both materials stem apex, meanwhile it was higher in MLK1 than FL1 at the corresponding development stage of flower bud. Therefore, these results suggest that wuschel is more possible for candidate gene underlying lc to regulate locule numbers. These results will provide important information for lc regulating locule number in tomato.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Genetic Pathway to Extreme Fruit Size in Tomato Using a Cross Between the Small-Fruited Wild Species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium and L. esculentum var. Giant Heirloom

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Lippman ◽  
Steven D Tanksley
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Analysis ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Chromosome 11 ◽  
Lycopersicon Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Carpel Number ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
First Time

Abstract In an effort to determine the genetic basis of exceptionally large tomato fruits, QTL analysis was performed on a population derived from a cross between the wild species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (average fruit weight, 1 g) and the L. esculentum cultivar var. Giant Heirloom, which bears fruit in excess of 1000 g. QTL analysis revealed that the majority (67%) of phenotypic variation in fruit size could be attributed to six major loci localized on chromosomes 1-3 and 11. None of the QTL map to novel regions of the genome—all have been reported in previous studies involving moderately sized tomatoes. This result suggests that no major QTL beyond those already reported were involved in the evolution of extremely large fruit. However, this is the first time that all six QTL have emerged in a single population, suggesting that exceptionally large-fruited varieties, such as Giant Heirloom, are the result of a novel combination of preexisting QTL alleles. One of the detected QTL, fw2.2, has been cloned and exerts its effect on fruit size through global control of cell division early in carpel/fruit development. However, the most significant QTL detected in this study (fw11.3, lcn11.1) maps to the bottom of chromosome 11 and seems to exert its effect on fruit size through control of carpel/locule number. A second major locus, also affecting carpel number (and hence fruit size), was mapped to chromosome 2 (fw2.1, lcn2.1). We propose that these two carpel number QTL correspond to the loci described by early classical geneticists as fasciated (f) and locule number (lc), respectively.

Decreased number of locules and pericarp cell layers underlie smaller and ovoid fruit in tomato smaller fruit (sf) mutant

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yushun Li ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Tayeb Muhammad ◽  
Yan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape

Fruit size and shape are the primary criteria for domestication and improvement of tomato. The varying sizes and shapes of tomato fruit further signify their importance as agronomic traits. Here, we characterized a tomato mutant, smaller fruit (sf), which bears relatively small and ovoid fruits compared with the large and flat fruits of the wild-type (WT). Phenotypic measurements and histological analyses revealed that fruit diameter but not fruit length of the sf mutant decreased compared with that of the WT. This phenotypic change was attributed to significant decreases in locule number and pericarp cell layers in a transverse direction, which resulted in the transition of fruit shape from flat in the WT to ovoid in sf. Comparison of the transcriptomes of ovaries of sf with the WT using RNA-Seq identified 2596 differentially expressed genes, in which 1737 genes significantly were up-regulated and 859 genes were dramatically down-regulated in the sf ovary. Further analyses confirmed that some genes, such as CRCa, CNRs, CYCs, WUS, SUNs, OFRs, CDKs, participate in regulation of fruit size and shape of sf mutant. Thus, our study adds a new genetic resource regarding fruit size and shape of tomato, and provides a valuable basis for understanding molecular regulation of small and ovoid fruit of the sf mutant.

scholarly journals ENOregulates tomato fruit size through the floral meristem development network

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (14) ◽  
pp. 8187-8195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona ◽  
Antonia Fernández-Lozano ◽  
Benito Pineda ◽  
Sandra Bretones ◽  
Ana Ortíz-Atienza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Meristem Development

A dramatic evolution of fruit size has accompanied the domestication and improvement of fruit-bearing crop species. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), naturally occurring cis-regulatory mutations in the genes of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling pathway have led to a significant increase in fruit size generating enlarged meristems that lead to flowers with extra organs and bigger fruits. In this work, by combining mapping-by-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing methods, we isolatedEXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS(ENO), an AP2/ERF transcription factor which regulates floral meristem activity. Thus, theENOgene mutation gives rise to plants that yield larger multilocular fruits due to an increased size of the floral meristem. Genetic analyses indicate thatenoexhibits synergistic effects with mutations at theLOCULE NUMBER(encodingSlWUS) andFASCIATED(encodingSlCLV3) loci, two central players in the evolution of fruit size in the domestication of cultivated tomatoes. Our findings reveal that anenomutation causes a substantial expansion ofSlWUSexpression domains in a flower-specific manner. In vitro binding results show that ENO is able to interact with the GGC-box cis-regulatory element within theSlWUSpromoter region, suggesting that ENO directly regulatesSlWUSexpression domains to maintain floral stem-cell homeostasis. Furthermore, the study of natural allelic variation of theENOlocus proved that a cis-regulatory mutation in the promoter ofENOhad been targeted by positive selection during the domestication process, setting up the background for significant increases in fruit locule number and fruit size in modern tomatoes.

THE INHERITANCE OF FRUIT SIZE IN THE TOMATO

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (6) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Mature Cell ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Scheme Analysis ◽  
Geometric Action ◽  
Number Of Cells

It is pointed out that size data from over 50 tomato crosses are explained by the assumption of the geometric action of size factors but not by a simple additive theory.The fact that the F1 results fitted such a theory was pointed out in a previous paper when the theory was proposed. The analysis is here extended to the F2 generation and to cell size measurements.The use of the geometric scale introduces regularity into the otherwise unpredictable F2 segregations, and they become amenable to a simple logarithmic scheme. Analysis by such a scheme indicates that differences in cell number or ovary size are caused by the segregation of three to five pairs of major genes, whereas mature cell size differences seem to be brought about by the segregation of at least twice as many factors.Final weight is thus the resultant of the proportionate action of the following factors:—1. The number of mitotic divisions in the pre-anthesis period and therefore the number of cells at anthesis.2. The cell expansion after anthesis.3. Fruit shape, locule number, and other size-modifying effects.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Shortened Fruit Maturation Period in Tomato and its Relation to Fruit Size.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 861b-861
Author(s):  
Joseph. M. Kemble ◽  
Randolph G. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Maturation Period ◽  
Tomato Line ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
The Relationship

Experiments were conducted in 1989 to determine the heritability of shortened fruit maturation (SFM) period in 871213-1, an inbred cherry tomato line (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme (Dunal.) A. Gray), and to determine the relationship between this trait and fruit size. In the first study, a cross was made between 871213-1 and NC 21C-1, an inbred cherry line. NC 21C-1 had a mean maturation period of 40.8 days compared to 32.0 days for 871213-1. A mean maturation period for the F1 hybrid of 32.9 days and 32.2 days was found using 871213-1 as the female and male parent, respectively. Analysis of the data from parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations yielded estimates of broad-sense and narrow-sense heritabilities for SFM as 0.72 and 0.56, respectively. Further analysis indicated that genetic control of SFM was quantitative in nature and highly dominant. A test for epistatic interaction showed significance. In the second study, an F2 population from the cross 871213-1 x NC 309-1, a large-fruited tomato line (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), was evaluated to determine if any correlations existed between fruit size and SFM. Two fruit characteristics, locule number and fruit weight, were used as estimates of fruit size. Correlations between SFM and these two characteristics were +0.28 and +0.61, respectively. Broad-sense heritability of SFM was estimated as 0.64.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Bell Pepper Fruits, as Related to the Development of its Harvesting Robot

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Omokaro IDAMA ◽  
Hilary UGURU ◽  
Ovie Isaac AKPOKODJE
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Natural Position ◽  
Failure Energy ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Study Results

Adequate knowledge of the mechanical properties of fruits is required for the optimization of fruits harvesting robots. This study was carried out to evaluate some physical and mechanical properties of bell pepper fruits, which will be useful for the design and utilization of bell pepper fruits harvesting robots. Some mechanical properties (failure force, failure energy and compressibility) of matured bell pepper fruits were evaluated at three different dimension sizes and two fruit orientations, according to the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) approved procedure. Results obtained from this study revealed that the fruit size and orientation had significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on the mechanical properties of the bell pepper fruits. The failure force and failure energy of the fruit increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as the fruit locule number increases from 3 to 4. Relatively, the results revealed that the failure force and failure energy of the fruit increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as the fruit size increased from small to large size. As portrayed by this study results, the failure force and failure energy of the fruit when loaded in the natural position was higher than values obtained, when the fruit was compressed at the vertical position; irrespective of the fruit size. This revealed that the fruit at the natural position absorbed higher compressive force (pressure) and compressive energy, regardless of the fruit locule number. Results obtained from this study will present useful information for the design, programming and optimization of bell pepper harvesting and handling robots.

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