Interaction between Defects and Domain Walls in Piezoelectric Materials

2006 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
D. Gross ◽  
R. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Domain Walls ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials

scholarly journals Domain Diversity and Polarization Switching in Amino Acid β-Glycine

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Vasileva ◽  
Semen Vasilev ◽  
Andrei L. Kholkin ◽  
Vladimir Ya. Shur
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Domain Structure ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Polarization Switching ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Sensors And Actuators

Piezoelectric materials based on lead zirconate titanate are widely used in sensors and actuators. However, their application is limited because of high processing temperature, brittleness, lack of conformal deposition and, more importantly, intrinsic incompatibility with biological environments. Recent studies on bioorganic piezoelectrics have demonstrated their potential in these applications, essentially due to using the same building blocks as those used by nature. In this work, we used piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) to study the domain structures and polarization reversal in the smallest amino acid glycine, which recently attracted a lot of attention due to its strong shear piezoelectric activity. In this uniaxial ferroelectric, a diverse domain structure that includes both 180° and charged domain walls was observed, as well as domain wall kinks related to peculiar growth and crystallographic structure of this material. Local polarization switching was studied by applying a bias voltage to the PFM tip, and the possibility to control the resulting domain structure was demonstrated. This study has shown that the as-grown domain structure and changes in the electric field in glycine are qualitatively similar to those found in the uniaxial inorganic ferroelectrics.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Piezoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 792 ◽  
pp. 54-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin B. Haskins ◽  
Alper Kinaci ◽  
Tahir Çağın
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Hysteretic Behavior ◽  
Saturated Polarization ◽  
Phase Transition Temperatures ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

The previously proposed polarizable charge equilibrium (PQEq) force field model is parameterized for studying lead titanate (PT), lead zirconate (PZ), and their alloys: lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Several molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to assess the degree of accuracy of the model. The phase transition temperatures, which are generally inaccurate in MD, are shown to be similar to experimental measurements. Also, the calculation of the ferroelectric hysteretic behavior, including the spontaneous polarization, saturated polarization and coercive fields, with extended MD is shown to give a qualitatively correct comparison between PT and PZT. The accuracy of the electronic properties in PQEq leads to direct application to a range of interesting problems such as enhanced properties of piezo- and ferro-electric nanostructures and the kinetics of domain walls in these materials.

Development of a Material Constitutive Model and Simulation Technique to Predict Nonlinearities in Piezoelectric Materials under Weak Electric Fields

2017 ◽  
pp. 271-303
Author(s):  
M. K. Samal
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Rayleigh Law ◽  
Model And Simulation ◽  
Near Resonance

Piezoceramic materials exhibit different types of nonlinearities depending upon the magnitude of the mechanical and electric field strength in the continuum. Some of the nonlinearities observed under weak electric fields are: presence of superharmonics in the response spectra and jump phenomena etc. especially if the system is excited near resonance. It has also been observed by many researchers that, at weak alternating stress fields, the relationship between the piezoelectrically induced charge and applied stress in ferroelectric ceramics, has the same form as the Rayleigh law (for magnetization versus magnetic field) in ferromagnetic materials. Applicability of the Rayleigh law to the piezoelectric effect has been demonstrated for Lead Zirconate Titanate ceramics by many researchers and their experimental results indicate that the dominant mechanism responsible for piezoelectric hysteresis and the dependence of the piezoelectric coefficient on the applied alternating stress is the pinning of non-180° domain walls. In this chapter, the Rayleigh law for ferromagnetic hysteresis has been modified and incorporated in a nonlinear electric enthalpy function and then applied in the analysis of hysteresis behavior of piezoelectric continua. Analytical solutions have been derived for a cantilever beam actuated by two piezo-patches attached to the top and bottom of the beam and excited by opposite electric fields. Analysis has been carried out at different electric field excitations of varying amplitude and frequencies and the results have been compared with the available experimental results from literature.

scholarly journals A Model for Asymmetric Hysteresis in Piezoceramic Materials

1999 ◽  
Vol 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Smith ◽  
Z. Ounaies
Keyword(s):  
Hysteresis Loop ◽  
High Field ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Soft Materials ◽  
Zero Field ◽  
Characterization Techniques ◽  
Rotationally Symmetric

AbstractThis paper focuses on the characterization of hysteresis exhibited by piezoelectric materials at moderate to high field levels. For soft materials in which dipoles are easily reconfigured, the hysteresis loop is observed to be rotationally symmetric about the zero field, zero polarization point and symmetric models can be employed. In harder materials, however, the loops are no longer rotationally symmetric which necessitates the development of commensurate characterization techniques. The model considered here is based upon the quantification of reversible and irreversible changes in polarization due to bending and translation of domain walls pinned at inclusions inherent to the materials. The performance of the model is illustrated through comparison with PZT4 data

Texture and Symmetry Relationships in Piezoelectric Materials

2005 ◽  
Vol 495-497 ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Key ◽  
Jacob L. Jones ◽  
William F. Shelley ◽  
Ben J. Iverson ◽  
Hsin Yu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Area Detector ◽  
Wide Range

The anisotropy that is inherent to piezoelectricity is directly tied to the symmetry of domains within the crystals of polycrystalline piezoelectrics. Alloy design for these oxide materials is often focused on influencing pinning of domain walls in polycrystals that have been subjected to high fields and elevated temperatures to introduce the ‘poled’ condition from which most piezoelectric devices operate. We have investigated a wide range of these oxides consisting of single phases or mixtures of phases that may be all or partially piezoelectric in character. Crystal symmetries investigated include tetragonal, orthorhombic, rhombohedral and monoclinic with some phase transitions evolving during high-temperature processing or during poling. Materials investigated include a range of bismuth titanates, lead titanates, lead zirconate titanates and sodium niobates. A variety of texture evaluation techniques, including area detector x-ray diffraction, synchrotron x-ray sources, and neutron sources have been utilized along with Rietveld diffraction modeling tools to enable a deeper understanding of domain textures, domain texture evolution and synergistic relations between crystallographic textures and domain textures. This paper documents an understanding of texture and anisotropy in these materials, and provides insight on approaches to optimize textures for high performance in these materials and demonstrates how these tools can be used to evaluate processing variations from production of these materials.

The direct determination of magnetic domain wall profiles using a split detector STEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
J.N. Chapman ◽  
P.E. Batson ◽  
E.M. Waddell ◽  
R.P. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Domain Wall ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Photographic Plate ◽  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron

By far the most commonly used mode of Lorentz microscopy in the examination of ferromagnetic thin films is the Fresnel or defocus mode. Use of this mode in the conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM) is straightforward and immediately reveals the existence of all domain walls present. However, if such quantitative information as the domain wall profile is required, the technique suffers from several disadvantages. These include the inability to directly observe fine image detail on the viewing screen because of the stringent illumination coherence requirements, the difficulty of accurately translating part of a photographic plate into quantitative electron intensity data, and, perhaps most severe, the difficulty of interpreting this data. One solution to the first-named problem is to use a CTEM equipped with a field emission gun (FEG) (Inoue, Harada and Yamamoto 1977) whilst a second is to use the equivalent mode of image formation in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) (Chapman, Batson, Waddell, Ferrier and Craven 1977), a technique which largely overcomes the second-named problem as well.

Lorentz microscopy study of magnetic domain walls in Fe-Cr-Co alloys

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
Yalcin Belli
Keyword(s):  
Domain Walls ◽  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Ferromagnetic Phase ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Magnetic Domains ◽  
Lorentz Microscopy ◽  
Magnetic Hardening ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Co Alloys

Fe-Cr-Co alloys have great technological potential to replace Alnico alloys as hard magnets. The relationship between the microstructures and the magnetic properties has been recently established for some of these alloys. The magnetic hardening has been attributed to the decomposition of the high temperature stable phase (α) into an elongated Fe-rich ferromagnetic phase (α1) and a weakly magnetic or non-magnetic Cr-rich phase (α2). The relationships between magnetic domains and domain walls and these different phases are yet to be understood. The TEM has been used to ascertain the mechanism of magnetic hardening for the first time in these alloys. The present paper describes the magnetic domain structure and the magnetization reversal processes in some of these multiphase materials. Microstructures to change properties resulting from, (i) isothermal aging, (ii) thermomagnetic treatment (TMT) and (iii) TMT + stepaging have been chosen for this investigation. The Jem-7A and Philips EM-301 transmission electron microscopes operating at 100 kV have been used for the Lorentz microscopy study of the magnetic domains and their interactions with the finely dispersed precipitate phases.

Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Domains and Wall Structures

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
Sonoko Tsukahara ◽  
Tadami Taoka ◽  
Hisao Nishizawa
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
Iron Film ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Lorentz Microscopy ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
Metallurgical Structure

The high voltage Lorentz microscopy was successfully used to observe changes with temperature; of domain structures and metallurgical structures in an iron film set on the hot stage combined with a goniometer. The microscope used was the JEM-1000 EM which was operated with the objective lens current cut off to eliminate the magnetic field in the specimen position. Single crystal films with an (001) plane were prepared by the epitaxial growth of evaporated iron on a cleaved (001) plane of a rocksalt substrate. They had a uniform thickness from 1000 to 7000 Å.The figure shows the temperature dependence of magnetic domain structure with its corresponding deflection pattern and metallurgical structure observed in a 4500 Å iron film. In general, with increase of temperature, the straight domain walls decrease in their width (at 400°C), curve in an iregular shape (600°C) and then vanish (790°C). The ripple structures with cross-tie walls are observed below the Curie temperature.

Imaging of ferroelectric domain walls by electron holography

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Ferroelectric Domain ◽  
Object Wave ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
High Resolution Imaging ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Electron holography has recently been available to modern electron microscopy labs with the development of field emission electron microscopes. The unique advantage of recording both amplitude and phase of the object wave makes electron holography a effective tool to study electron optical phase objects. The visibility of the phase shifts of the object wave makes it possible to directly image the distributions of an electric or a magnetic field at high resolution. This work presents preliminary results of first high resolution imaging of ferroelectric domain walls by electron holography in BaTiO3 and quantitative measurements of electrostatic field distribution across domain walls.

The need of electron microscopy in the study of domains and domain walls in ferroelectrics

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 550-551
Author(s):  
Wenwu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Domain Wall ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Continuum Theory ◽  
Polarization Vector ◽  
Ferroelectric Materials ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Nonlocal Coupling ◽  
Cubic Symmetry ◽  
Gradient Energy

Domain structures play a key role in determining the physical properties of ferroelectric materials. The formation of these ferroelectric domains and domain walls are determined by the intrinsic nonlinearity and the nonlocal coupling of the polarization. Analogous to soliton excitations, domain walls can have high mobility when the domain wall energy is high. The domain wall can be describes by a continuum theory owning to the long range nature of the dipole-dipole interactions in ferroelectrics. The simplest form for the Landau energy is the so called ϕ model which can be used to describe a second order phase transition from a cubic prototype,where Pi (i =1, 2, 3) are the components of polarization vector, α's are the linear and nonlinear dielectric constants. In order to take into account the nonlocal coupling, a gradient energy should be included, for cubic symmetry the gradient energy is given by,

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